Difference between revisions of "Sony"

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|image= http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7142/6481919069_230d81ac27.jpg
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|image= http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7142/6481919069_230d81ac27.jpg
 
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|image_text= Sony building, Ginza, Tokyo
 
|image_text= Sony building, Ginza, Tokyo
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In 1945 engineer Masaru Ibuka and physicist Akio Morita founded Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). Soon they introduced a new electric rice cooker. In 1950 they introduced "Soni" magnetic tape and a tape recorder. In 1955 they renamed the company to '''Sony''', and in 1960 they introduced the World's first TV-set based on transistor technology.
 
In 1945 engineer Masaru Ibuka and physicist Akio Morita founded Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). Soon they introduced a new electric rice cooker. In 1950 they introduced "Soni" magnetic tape and a tape recorder. In 1955 they renamed the company to '''Sony''', and in 1960 they introduced the World's first TV-set based on transistor technology.
  
−
In the photo business '''Sony''' is one of the newer players. It entered the photography market in the age of digital photography. Having been active in the home video business since 1965, it started in the market more experienced with electronic cameras than some of the traditional camera makers. Its first ''Mavica'' (Magnetic Video Camera) way back in 1981 stored 570x490 pixel frames from an SLR "TV camera" on 2" magnetic floppy discs called ''Mavipaks''.<ref>[http://www.shutterbug.net/equipmentreviews/classic_historical/0508classic/index.html Shutterbug article]</ref> Mass market items from the Mavica range were a spectacular commercial success since they utilized the convenience of 3.5" floppy disks as the digital photography boom began in earnest. These were later followed by the Mavica CD models, which used CD-Rs as the storage medium. These oddly-shaped formats necessarily made the cameras rather unwieldly, so moves towards smaller memory cards were undertaken, as digital cameras became even more compact than their film-based ancestors.
+
In the photo business '''Sony''' is one of the newer players. It entered the photography market in the age of digital photography. Having been active in the home video business since 1965, it started in the market more experienced with electronic cameras than some of the traditional camera makers. Its first ''Mavica'' (Magnetic Video Camera) way back in 1981 stored 570x490 pixel frames from an SLR "TV camera" on 2" magnetic floppy discs called ''Mavipaks''.<ref>[http://archive.is/www.shutterbug.net/equipmentreviews/classic_historical/0508classic/index.html Shutterbug article] (archived)</ref> Mass market items from the Mavica range were a spectacular commercial success since they utilized the convenience of 3.5" floppy disks as the digital photography boom began in earnest. These were later followed by the Mavica CD models, which used CD-Rs as the storage medium. These oddly-shaped formats necessarily made the cameras rather unwieldly, so moves towards smaller memory cards were undertaken, as digital cameras became even more compact than their film-based ancestors.
−
 
+
<div class=floatleft>{{Flickr_image
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Sony relied very much on the German optics designer [[Carl Zeiss]]. It was June 6th 2006 when it released the first of its [[DSLR]] cameras for [[Minolta]]'s Alpha mount lenses, the Sony Alpha SLRs. This camera succeeded [[Konica Minolta]]'s digital SLR series Alpha/Maxxum/Dynax and surpassed the predecessors concerning reliability. In autumn 2007 a new model, the [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A700|DSLR-A700]], was introduced in Italy. In 2008 the company offered DSLRs for beginners (Alpha 200) as well as for advanced to professional photographers (Alpha 900). The Alpha 900 has an image sensor with 35.9&times;24mm frame format (equivalent to [[35mm film]] format), making it interesting to use it with the finest old [[:Category:Minolta AF mount|Minolta A-mount]] lenses. Nevertheless some new Sony- and Zeiss lenses are available for the [[Sony α system]]. In 2009 the highly light-sensitive cameras DSLR-A500 and DSLR-A550 were added. The DSLR-560 and DSLR-580 of 2010 were  last [[DSLR]]s of Sony. Since then Sony featured its own [[SLT]] reflex camera conception instead of the traditional digital [[SLR]] concept. A semi-transparent fixed mirror which directs some of the incoming light onto [[AF]] sensors is the principle of this kind of reflex camera. The pentaprism and pentamirror viewfinders of these SLTs are replaced by [[EVF]]. The compact [[Sony NEX]] digital system cameras and camcorders were another innovation of 2010. After having introduced top camera models of each Alpha system camera class - a full-format SLT, a full format NEX camcorder and a versatile APS-C format NEX still camera for real enthusiasts - in 2012 the company founded a strategic joint venture with [[Olympus]] which had suffered a severe fraud scandal before. Olympus will deliver optical components for Sony, and Sony will deliver image sensors for Olympus.
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|image_source= https://www.flickr.com/photos/jamo_spingal/14815381199/in/pool-camerawiki/
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|image= http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5565/14815381199_1d7e4db991_m.jpg
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|image_align= left
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|image_text= Sony's first digicam [[Sony Mavica FD7|Mavica FD7]]<br/>stored its image files onto diskette
 +
|image_by= Jamo Spingal
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|image_rights= with permission
 +
}}&nbsp;</div>
 +
Sony relied very much on the German optics designer [[Carl Zeiss]]. It was June 6th 2006 when it released the first of its [[DSLR]] cameras for [[Minolta]]'s Alpha mount lenses, the Sony Alpha SLRs. This camera succeeded [[Konica Minolta]]'s digital SLR series Alpha/Maxxum/Dynax and surpassed the predecessors concerning reliability. In autumn 2007 a new model, the [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A700|DSLR-A700]], was introduced in Italy. In 2008 the company offered DSLRs for beginners (Alpha 200) as well as for advanced to professional photographers (Alpha 900). The Alpha 900 has an image sensor with 35.9&times;24mm frame format (equivalent to [[35mm film]] format), making it interesting to use it with the finest old [[:Category:Minolta AF mount|Minolta A-mount]] lenses. Nevertheless some new Sony- and Zeiss lenses are available for the [[Sony α system]]. In 2009 the highly light-sensitive cameras DSLR-A500 and DSLR-A550 were added. The DSLR-560 and DSLR-580 of 2010 were  last [[DSLR]]s of Sony. Since then Sony featured its own [[SLT]] reflex camera conception instead of the traditional digital [[SLR]] concept. A semi-transparent fixed mirror which directs some of the incoming light onto [[AF]] sensors is the principle of this kind of reflex camera. The pentaprism and pentamirror viewfinders of these SLTs are replaced by [[EVF]]. The compact [[Sony NEX]] digital system cameras and camcorders were another innovation of 2010. After having introduced top camera models of each Alpha system camera class - a full-format SLT, a full format NEX camcorder and a versatile APS-C format NEX still camera for real enthusiasts - in 2012 the company founded a strategic joint venture with [[Olympus]] which had suffered a severe fraud scandal before. Olympus will deliver optical components for Sony, and Sony will deliver image sensors for Olympus. Other renowned camera makers also use Sony imaging sensors for several of their cameras. The company has a significant market share in the [[sensor]] market. This business was also extended in 2012 by taking over Pixim. In 2013 Sony began to extend the [[Sony α system]] by [[CSC]]s with 24&times;36mm sensors, staying successfully the only one in this ''full-frame'' CSC market for at least 4 years.
  
 
== [[Sony α system]] cameras and lenses ==
 
== [[Sony α system]] cameras and lenses ==
−
Konica Minota used different brand names depending on distribution regions for their DSLR cameras. Sony decided to use a unified global brand name for their DSLR cameras and chose the name '''α''', pronounced alpha. This was the name used by Minota in Japan and China. The brand name α is a bit hard to type. So for example, the Sony α290 full model name is known as the Sony Alpha DSLR-A290.  
+
Konica Minolta used different brand names depending on distribution regions for their DSLR cameras. Sony decided to use a unified global brand name for their DSLR cameras and chose the name '''α''', pronounced alpha. This was the name used by Minolta in Japan and China. The brand name α is a bit hard to type. So for example, the Sony α290's full model name is known as the Sony Alpha DSLR-A290.  
 
===α-bayonet===
 
===α-bayonet===
 
Cameras that use [[Sony α mount]] lenses:
 
Cameras that use [[Sony α mount]] lenses:
−
====very alpha models====
+
====entry level alpha models====
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A100]]
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A100]]
 
{|class=floatright
 
{|class=floatright
 
|
 
|
 
{{Flickr_image
 
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/makbet666/3900693529/in/pool-camerawiki/
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|image_source= https://www.flickr.com/photos/fortfan/4772497444/in/pool-camerawiki/
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|image= http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2500/3900693529_ae431e5116_m.jpg
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|image= https://live.staticflickr.com/4123/4772497444_f22582b40c_m_d.jpg
 
|image_align= right
 
|image_align= right
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|image_text= [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A700|α 700]] with small α system flash
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|image_text= [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A330|Sony α 330]]
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|image_by= Makbet666
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|image_by= fortfan
 
|image_rights= with permission
 
|image_rights= with permission
 
}}
 
}}
 
|
 
|
 
{{Flickr_image
 
{{Flickr_image
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/89864432@N00/5014671543/in/pool-camerawiki/
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|image_source= https://www.flickr.com/photos/89864432@N00/5014671543/in/pool-camerawiki/
 
|image= http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4127/5014671543_ac9a366257_m.jpg  
 
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* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A230]]
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A230]]
 
*  Sony Alpha DSLR-A290
 
*  Sony Alpha DSLR-A290
 +
 
====moderate models with live-view====
 
====moderate models with live-view====
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A300]]
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A300]]
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}}
 
}}
  
−
====flagship models, bigger sensor (24&times;36mm)====
+
====flagship models, full-frame sensor (24&times;36mm)====
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A850]]
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A850]]
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A900]]
 
* [[Sony Alpha DSLR-A900]]
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*  Sony α58
 
*  Sony α58
 
*  Sony α65
 
*  Sony α65
 +
*  Sony α68 (2015)
 
* [[Sony α77]]
 
* [[Sony α77]]
 
* Sony α77II
 
* Sony α77II
 
* [[Sony α99]] (24x36mm)
 
* [[Sony α99]] (24x36mm)
−
* Hasselblad Solar (24x36mm)
+
* Sony α99II
 +
* [[Hasselblad HV]]
  
 
====lenses====
 
====lenses====
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* Sony α5100 (APS-C)
 
* Sony α5100 (APS-C)
 
* Sony α6000 (APS-C)
 
* Sony α6000 (APS-C)
−
* [[Sony α7]]/[[Sony α7R|α7R]] (24x36mm --> FE mount)
+
* Sony α6100 (APS-C)
 +
* Sony α6300 (APS-C)
 +
* Sony α6400 (APS-C)
 +
* Sony α6500 (APS-C)
 +
* Sony α6600 (APS-C)
 +
* Sony α1 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 +
* [[Sony α7]] (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 +
* Sony α9 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 +
* [[Sony α7R]] (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 
* Sony α7S (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 
* Sony α7S (24x36mm --> FE mount)
−
* Sony α7 II
+
* Sony α7C (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 +
* Sony α7 II / α7R II / α7S II / α9 II
 +
* Sony α7 III / α7R III / α7S III
 +
* Sony α7 IV / α7R IV
 +
* Sony α7R V
 +
* Sony FX3 Cinema Line (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 
* [[Sony QX1]] (APS-C)
 
* [[Sony QX1]] (APS-C)
 +
* Sony ZV-E1
 +
* Sony ZV-E10 (APS-C)
 +
* Sony ZV-1F (2022)
 +
* Sony ZV-1 Mark II (2023)
  
 
====camcorders====
 
====camcorders====
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*  Sony NEX-VG30E (APS-C)
 
*  Sony NEX-VG30E (APS-C)
 
*  Sony NEX-VG900 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 
*  Sony NEX-VG900 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 +
*  Sony PXW-FS7M2 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
 +
 
====lenses====
 
====lenses====
 
<small>samples</small>
 
<small>samples</small>
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|}
 
|}
  
−
== Alphabetical List of Sony's other digital cameras ==
+
== List of Sony's other digital cameras ==
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{{Flickr_image
 
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/martintaylor/45320062/in/pool-camerawiki
 
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|image= http://static.flickr.com/29/45320062_c63b5e36ac_m.jpg]
 
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|image_align= right
 
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|image_text= DSC-F717
 
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|image_by= Martin Taylor
 
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|image_rights= nc
 
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}}
 
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{|
 
{|
 
|-
 
|-
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*  Sony DSC-D700 Pro SLR
 
*  Sony DSC-D700 Pro SLR
 
*  Sony DSC-D770 Pro SLR
 
*  Sony DSC-D770 Pro SLR
−
* [[Sony DSC-F1]]
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-F2]]
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-F3]]
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-F55]]
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-F55V]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-F77
 
−
*  Sony DSC-F88
 
−
*  Sony DSC-F505
 
−
*  Sony DSC-F505V
 
−
*  Sony DSC-F707
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-F717]]
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-F828]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-FX77
 
 
*  Sony DSC-G1
 
*  Sony DSC-G1
 
*  Sony DSC-G3
 
*  Sony DSC-G3
−
 
 
*  Sony DSC-J10
 
*  Sony DSC-J10
−
*   Sony DSC-L1
+
* [[Sony DSC-L1]] - (2005)
 
*  Sony DSC-M1
 
*  Sony DSC-M1
 
*  Sony DSC-M2
 
*  Sony DSC-M2
 
*  Sony DSC-MD1
 
*  Sony DSC-MD1
 
* [[Sony DSC-N1]]
 
* [[Sony DSC-N1]]
−
*  Sony DSC-N2
+
* [[Sony DSC-N2]]
−
|valign=top|
+
*  Sony DSC-R1
 +
* [[Sony DSC-V1]] - (2003)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-V3]]
 +
 
 +
|}
 +
===RX series cameras===
 +
Compact with larger sensors
 +
* [[Sony DSC-RX1]] (2012)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-RX1R]] (2013)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX10 (2013)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX10 II (2015)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX10 III (2016)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX10 IV (2017)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100 (2012)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100M2 (2013)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100M3 (2014)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100 IV (2015)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100 V (2016)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100 VA (2018)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100 VI (2018)
 +
*  Sony DSC-RX100 VII (2019)
  
−
*  Sony DSC-R1
+
===W series compact===
−
*  Sony DSC-S30
+
{|
−
* [[Sony DSC-S40]]
+
|-
−
*  Sony DSC-S45
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S50
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S60
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-S70]]
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-S75]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S80
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-S85]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S90
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S500
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S600
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-S650]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S700
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S730
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S750
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S780
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S800
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S930
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S950
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S980
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S1900
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S2000
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S2100
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S3000
 
−
*  Sony DSC-S5000
 
−
*  Sony DSC-ST80
 
−
||  &nbsp;&nbsp;
 
 
|valign=top|
 
|valign=top|
−
*  Sony DSC-V1
+
* [[Sony DSC-W1]] (2004)
−
* [[Sony DSC-V3]]
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-W1]]
 
 
* [[Sony DSC-W5]]
 
* [[Sony DSC-W5]]
 
*  Sony DSC-W7
 
*  Sony DSC-W7
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* Sony DSC-W125
 
* Sony DSC-W125
 
* Sony DSC-W130
 
* Sony DSC-W130
−
* Sony DSC-W150
+
* Sony DSC-W150 (2008)
 +
|valign=top|
 
* Sony DSC-W170
 
* Sony DSC-W170
 
* Sony DSC-W180
 
* Sony DSC-W180
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* Sony DSC-W210
 
* Sony DSC-W210
 
* Sony DSC-W215
 
* Sony DSC-W215
−
* Sony DSC-W220
+
* Sony DSC-W220 (2009)
−
* Sony DSC-W230
+
* Sony DSC-W230 (2009)
 
* Sony DSC-W270
 
* Sony DSC-W270
 
* Sony DSC-W275
 
* Sony DSC-W275
−
|valign=top|
+
* Sony DSC-W290 (2009)
 
* Sony DSC-W300
 
* Sony DSC-W300
 
* Sony DSC-W310
 
* Sony DSC-W310
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* Sony DSC-W350
 
* Sony DSC-W350
 
* Sony DSC-W360
 
* Sony DSC-W360
−
* Sony DSC-W370
+
* Sony DSC-W370 (2010)
 
* Sony DSC-W380
 
* Sony DSC-W380
−
* Sony DSC-W510
+
* Sony DSC-W510 (2011)
 
* Sony DSC-W520
 
* Sony DSC-W520
−
* Sony DSC-W530
+
* Sony DSC-W530 (2011)
 +
|valign=top|
 
* Sony DSC-W550
 
* Sony DSC-W550
−
* Sony DSC-W560
+
* Sony DSC-W560 (2011)
−
* Sony DSC-W570
+
* Sony DSC-W570 (2011)
 
* Sony DSC-W580
 
* Sony DSC-W580
 
* Sony DSC-W610 (2012)
 
* Sony DSC-W610 (2012)
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* Sony DSC-W670
 
* Sony DSC-W670
 
* Sony DSC-W690 (2012)
 
* Sony DSC-W690 (2012)
−
* Sony DSC-W710 (2013)
+
* [[Sony DSC-W710]] (2013)
 
* Sony DSC-W730 (2013)
 
* Sony DSC-W730 (2013)
 
* Sony DSC-W800 (2014)
 
* Sony DSC-W800 (2014)
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* Sony DSC-W830 (2014)
 
* Sony DSC-W830 (2014)
 
|valign=top|
 
|valign=top|
−
* [[Sony DSC-WX1]]
+
'''Exmor R sensor'''
−
*  Sony DSC-WX5
+
* [[Sony DSC-WX1]] (2009)
 +
*  Sony DSC-WX5 (2010)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX7
 
*  Sony DSC-WX7
−
*  Sony DSC-WX9
+
*  Sony DSC-WX9 (2011)
−
*   Sony DSC-WX10
+
* [[Sony DSC-WX10]] (2011)
−
*  Sony DSC-WX30
+
*  Sony DSC-WX30 (2011)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX50
 
*  Sony DSC-WX50
 
*  Sony DSC-WX60 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX60 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX70 (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX70 (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX80 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX80 (2013)
−
*   Sony DSC-WX100 (2012)
+
* [[Sony DSC-WX100]] (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX150 (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX150 (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX170 (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX170 (2012)
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*  Sony DSC-WX300 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX300 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX350 (2014)
 
*  Sony DSC-WX350 (2014)
−
|}
+
*  Sony DSC-WX500 (2015)
−
===RX series cameras===
 
−
Compact with larger sensors
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-RX1]] (2012)
 
−
*  Sony DSC-RX1R (2013)
 
−
*  Sony DSC-RX10 (2013)
 
−
*  Sony DSC-RX100 (2012)
 
−
*  Sony DSC-RX100M2 (2013)
 
−
*  Sony DSC-RX100M3 (2014)
 
−
 
 
−
=== P Series ===
 
−
{{Flickr_image
 
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/uwe_kulick/5848466879/in/pool-camerawiki/
 
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|image= http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5035/5848466879_d03f095d68_m.jpg
 
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|image_align= right
 
−
|image_text= DSC-P1
 
−
|image_by= Uwe Kulick
 
−
|image_rights= wp
 
−
}}
 
−
 
 
−
{|
 
−
|-
 
−
|valign=top|
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-P1]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P2
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P3
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P5
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P7
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P8
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P9
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-P10]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P12
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P20
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-P30]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P31
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P32
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P43
 
−
|valign=top|
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P50
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P51
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P52
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P53 -
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P71
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-P72]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P73
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P92
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-P93]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P100
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-P150]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-P200
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
===U series cameras===
+
=== T series ===
−
*  Sony DSC-U10
+
Ultra compact, slim design compacts the successor to the Minolta X series compacts.
−
*  Sony DSC-U20
 
−
*  Sony DSC-U30
 
−
*  Sony DSC-U40
 
−
* [[Sony DSC-U50]]
 
−
*  Sony DSC-U60
 
−
=== Ultra compact ===
 
−
Slim design compacts the successor to the Minolta X series compacts.
 
 
{{Flickr_image
 
{{Flickr_image
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|image_source= https://www.flickr.com/photos/100283874@N08/13461021833/in/pool-camerawiki/
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/100283874@N08/13461021833/in/pool-camerawiki/
 
|image= http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2868/13461021833_6b8ce9d801_m.jpg
 
|image= http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2868/13461021833_6b8ce9d801_m.jpg
 
|image_align= right
 
|image_align= right
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*  Sony DSC-TF1 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-TF1 (2013)
 
|valign=top|
 
|valign=top|
 +
'''Exmor R sensor'''
 
*  Sony DSC-TX1
 
*  Sony DSC-TX1
 
*  Sony DSC-TX5
 
*  Sony DSC-TX5
Line 402: Line 348:
 
*  Sony DSC-TX300V
 
*  Sony DSC-TX300V
 
|}
 
|}
−
===Ultra Zoom===
+
===H series===
 +
Ultra Zoom
 
{|
 
{|
 
|-
 
|-
 
|valign=top|
 
|valign=top|
 
'''Bridge'''
 
'''Bridge'''
−
* [[Sony DSC-H1]]
+
* [[Sony DSC-H1]] (2005)
−
* [[Sony DSC-H2]]
+
* [[Sony DSC-H2]] (2006)
−
*  Sony DSC-H3
+
*  Sony DSC-H3 (2007)
−
*  Sony DSC-H5
+
*  Sony DSC-H5 (2006)
−
*  Sony DSC-H7
+
*  Sony DSC-H7 (2007)
−
*  Sony DSC-H9
+
*  Sony DSC-H9 (2007)
−
*  Sony DSC-H10
+
*  Sony DSC-H10 (2008)
−
*  Sony DSC-H20
+
*  Sony DSC-H20 (2009)
−
*  Sony DSC-H50
+
*  Sony DSC-H50 (2008)
 
*  Sony DSC-H100
 
*  Sony DSC-H100
 
*  Sony DSC-H200 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-H200 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-H300 (2014)
 
*  Sony DSC-H300 (2014)
 
*  Sony DSC-H400 (2014)
 
*  Sony DSC-H400 (2014)
−
* [[Sony Cybershot DSC-HX1|Sony DSC-HX1]]
+
* [[Sony Cybershot DSC-HX1|Sony DSC-HX1]] (2009)
−
*  Sony DSC-HX100V
+
*  Sony DSC-HX100V (2011)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX200V (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX200V (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX300 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX300 (2013)
 +
*  Sony DSC-HX350 (2016)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX400V (2014)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX400V (2014)
 
|valign=top|
 
|valign=top|
 
'''Compact'''
 
'''Compact'''
−
*  Sony DSC-H55
+
*  Sony DSC-H55 (2010)
−
*  Sony DSC-H70
+
*  Sony DSC-H70 (2011)
 
*  Sony DSC-H90 (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-H90 (2012)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX5V
 
*  Sony DSC-HX5V
Line 438: Line 386:
 
*  Sony DSC-HX50V (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX50V (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX60V (2014)
 
*  Sony DSC-HX60V (2014)
 +
*  Sony DSC-HX80 (2016)
 +
*  Sony DSC-HX90V (2015)
 +
*  Sony DSC-HX95 (2018)
 +
*  Sony DSC-HX99 (2018)
 +
|}
 +
 +
===U series cameras===
 +
*  Sony DSC-U10 (2002)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-U20]] (2002)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-U30]] (2003)
 +
*  Sony DSC-U40 (2003)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-U50]] (2003)
 +
*  Sony DSC-U60 (2003)
 +
 +
===S series===
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
|valign=top|
 +
*  Sony DSC-S30 (2000)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-S40]] (2005)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S45
 +
*  Sony DSC-S50 (2000)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S60
 +
* [[Sony DSC-S70]] (2000)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-S75]] (2001)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S80
 +
* [[Sony DSC-S85]]
 +
*  Sony DSC-S90
 +
*  Sony DSC-S500
 +
*  Sony DSC-S600
 +
* [[Sony DSC-S650]]
 +
|valign=top|
 +
*  Sony DSC-S700 (2007)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S730
 +
*  Sony DSC-S750 (2008)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S780
 +
*  Sony DSC-S800 (2007)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S930
 +
*  Sony DSC-S950 (2005)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S980 (2009)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S1900
 +
*  Sony DSC-S2000
 +
*  Sony DSC-S2100 (2010)
 +
*  Sony DSC-S3000
 +
*  Sony DSC-S5000
 +
*  Sony DSC-ST80
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
=== P series ===
 +
{{Flickr_image
 +
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/uwe_kulick/5848466879/in/pool-camerawiki/
 +
|image= http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5035/5848466879_d03f095d68_m.jpg
 +
|image_align= right
 +
|image_text= DSC-P1
 +
|image_by= Uwe Kulick
 +
|image_rights= wp
 +
}}
 +
 +
{|
 +
|-
 +
|valign=top|
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P1]] (2000)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P2 (2002)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P3 (2001)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P5]] (2001)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P7 (2002)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P8
 +
*  Sony DSC-P9 (2002)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P10]] (2003)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P12
 +
*  Sony DSC-P20 (2001)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P30]] (2001)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P31 (2002)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P32
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P43]] / DSC-P41
 +
|valign=top|
 +
*  Sony DSC-P50 (2001)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P51 (2002)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P52
 +
*  Sony DSC-P53 -
 +
*  Sony DSC-P71 (2002)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P72]]
 +
*  Sony DSC-P73
 +
*  Sony DSC-P92
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P93]]
 +
*  Sony DSC-P100
 +
* [[Sony DSC-P150]] (2004)
 +
*  Sony DSC-P200 (2005)
 +
|}
 +
 +
===F series===
 +
{{Flickr_image
 +
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/martintaylor/45320062/in/pool-camerawiki
 +
|image= http://static.flickr.com/29/45320062_c63b5e36ac_m.jpg]
 +
|image_align= right
 +
|image_text= DSC-F717
 +
|image_by= Martin Taylor
 +
|image_rights= nc
 +
}}
 +
 +
{{Flickr_image
 +
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/maoby/9701876852/in/pool-camerawiki/
 +
|image=  http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3715/9701876852_3ee3d767dc_m.jpg
 +
|image_align= right
 +
|image_text= F1
 +
|image_by= maoby
 +
|image_rights= wp
 +
}}
 +
 +
Early cameras have a 180 degree rotating lens platform.
 +
* [[Sony DSC-F1]] (1996)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-F2]] (1997)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-F3]] (1997)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-F55]] (1999)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-F55V]] (2000)
 +
*  Sony DSC-F77 (2002)
 +
*  Sony DSC-FX77 (2002)
 +
*  Sony DSC-F88 (2004)
 +
*  Sony DSC-F505 (1999)
 +
*  Sony DSC-F505V (2002)
 +
*  Sony DSC-F707 (2001)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-F717]] (2002)
 +
* [[Sony DSC-F828]] (2003)
  
 
=== Lens style cameras===
 
=== Lens style cameras===
 +
{{Flickr_image
 +
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/ming-hsiang_chuang/10077812176/in/pool-camerawiki/
 +
|image=  http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5343/10077812176_8f1eb6c99b_m.jpg
 +
|image_align= right
 +
|image_text= QX100
 +
|image_by= MH Chuang
 +
|image_rights= wp
 +
}}
 
Barrel body lens style design
 
Barrel body lens style design
 
*  Sony DSC-QX10 (2013)
 
*  Sony DSC-QX10 (2013)
Line 451: Line 529:
 
These are video cameras that capture an analog still image onto a Mavipack or VF (Video Floppy) disk. Photos can be viewed and printed with a suitable VF player and or printer.
 
These are video cameras that capture an analog still image onto a Mavipack or VF (Video Floppy) disk. Photos can be viewed and printed with a suitable VF player and or printer.
 
* [[Sony Mavica (1981)]]
 
* [[Sony Mavica (1981)]]
−
* Sony Mavica MVC-A10
+
* [[Sony Mavica MVC-A7AF]]
−
* Sony Mavica MVC-A7AF
+
* [[Sony Mavica MVC-C1]]
−
* Sony Mavica MVC-C1
+
* [[Sony Mavica MVC-A10]]
−
* Sony ProMavica MVC-2000
+
* [[Sony ProMavica MVC-2000]]
−
* Sony ProMavica MVC-5000
+
* [[Sony ProMavica MVC-5000]]
−
* Sony ProMavica MVC-7000
+
* [[Sony ProMavica MVC-7000]]
  
 
=== Digital ===
 
=== Digital ===
Line 508: Line 586:
  
 
==Links==
 
==Links==
 +
*[https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/CorporateInfo/History/ History page] at [https://www.sony.com/en/ the Sony company portal]
 
*[http://www.smecc.org/sony_cv_series_video.htm Sony's first home video system of 1965] at Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation [http://www.smecc.org/]
 
*[http://www.smecc.org/sony_cv_series_video.htm Sony's first home video system of 1965] at Southwest Museum of Engineering, Communications and Computation [http://www.smecc.org/]
−
* Sony Mavica SLR (1981) listed at number 14 in [http://www.shutterbug.net/equipmentreviews/classic_historical/0408top20/index.html Jason Schneider's Top 20 Cameras Of All-Time] on [http://shutterbug.com/ Shutterbug].
+
* Sony Mavica SLR (1981) listed at number 14 in [http://archive.is/www.shutterbug.net/equipmentreviews/classic_historical/0408top20/index.html Jason Schneider's Top 20 Cameras Of All-Time] (archived) on [http://shutterbug.com/ Shutterbug].  
  
 
[[Category: Japanese camera makers]]
 
[[Category: Japanese camera makers]]

Latest revision as of 14:14, 12 July 2023

6481919069_230d81ac27.jpg
Sony building, Ginza, Tokyo
image by murphygb (Image rights)

In 1945 engineer Masaru Ibuka and physicist Akio Morita founded Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo K.K. (Tokyo Telecommunications Engineering Corporation). Soon they introduced a new electric rice cooker. In 1950 they introduced "Soni" magnetic tape and a tape recorder. In 1955 they renamed the company to Sony, and in 1960 they introduced the World's first TV-set based on transistor technology.

In the photo business Sony is one of the newer players. It entered the photography market in the age of digital photography. Having been active in the home video business since 1965, it started in the market more experienced with electronic cameras than some of the traditional camera makers. Its first Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera) way back in 1981 stored 570x490 pixel frames from an SLR "TV camera" on 2" magnetic floppy discs called Mavipaks.[1] Mass market items from the Mavica range were a spectacular commercial success since they utilized the convenience of 3.5" floppy disks as the digital photography boom began in earnest. These were later followed by the Mavica CD models, which used CD-Rs as the storage medium. These oddly-shaped formats necessarily made the cameras rather unwieldly, so moves towards smaller memory cards were undertaken, as digital cameras became even more compact than their film-based ancestors.

14815381199_1d7e4db991_m.jpg
Sony's first digicam Mavica FD7
stored its image files onto diskette
image by Jamo Spingal (Image rights)
 

Sony relied very much on the German optics designer Carl Zeiss. It was June 6th 2006 when it released the first of its DSLR cameras for Minolta's Alpha mount lenses, the Sony Alpha SLRs. This camera succeeded Konica Minolta's digital SLR series Alpha/Maxxum/Dynax and surpassed the predecessors concerning reliability. In autumn 2007 a new model, the DSLR-A700, was introduced in Italy. In 2008 the company offered DSLRs for beginners (Alpha 200) as well as for advanced to professional photographers (Alpha 900). The Alpha 900 has an image sensor with 35.9×24mm frame format (equivalent to 35mm film format), making it interesting to use it with the finest old Minolta A-mount lenses. Nevertheless some new Sony- and Zeiss lenses are available for the Sony α system. In 2009 the highly light-sensitive cameras DSLR-A500 and DSLR-A550 were added. The DSLR-560 and DSLR-580 of 2010 were last DSLRs of Sony. Since then Sony featured its own SLT reflex camera conception instead of the traditional digital SLR concept. A semi-transparent fixed mirror which directs some of the incoming light onto AF sensors is the principle of this kind of reflex camera. The pentaprism and pentamirror viewfinders of these SLTs are replaced by EVF. The compact Sony NEX digital system cameras and camcorders were another innovation of 2010. After having introduced top camera models of each Alpha system camera class - a full-format SLT, a full format NEX camcorder and a versatile APS-C format NEX still camera for real enthusiasts - in 2012 the company founded a strategic joint venture with Olympus which had suffered a severe fraud scandal before. Olympus will deliver optical components for Sony, and Sony will deliver image sensors for Olympus. Other renowned camera makers also use Sony imaging sensors for several of their cameras. The company has a significant market share in the sensor market. This business was also extended in 2012 by taking over Pixim. In 2013 Sony began to extend the Sony α system by CSCs with 24×36mm sensors, staying successfully the only one in this full-frame CSC market for at least 4 years.

Sony α system cameras and lenses

Konica Minolta used different brand names depending on distribution regions for their DSLR cameras. Sony decided to use a unified global brand name for their DSLR cameras and chose the name α, pronounced alpha. This was the name used by Minolta in Japan and China. The brand name α is a bit hard to type. So for example, the Sony α290's full model name is known as the Sony Alpha DSLR-A290.

α-bayonet

Cameras that use Sony α mount lenses:

entry level alpha models

4772497444_f22582b40c_m_d.jpg
Sony α 330
image by fortfan (Image rights)
5014671543_ac9a366257_m.jpg
Sony α 850 with α system flash
image by Uwe Kulick (Image rights)

moderate models with live-view

advanced models with live-view

5014672807_b7b337968c_m.jpg
Sony α77 prototype, Photokina 2010
image by Uwe Kulick (Image rights)

flagship models, full-frame sensor (24×36mm)

SLTs (=single lens "translucent mirror" system cameras)

lenses

5015280506_d7560eaf9f_m.jpg
Sony 4/500 G
image by Uwe Kulick (Image rights)

samples

  • Sony 16-35mm F2.8
  • Sony 28-75mm F2.8
  • Sony 75-300mm F4.5-5.6 G II

E-bayonet

Cameras that use Sony E-mount lenses:

system cameras

  • Sony NEX series of CSCs (APS-C)
  • Hasselblad Lunar (APS-C)
  • Sony α3000 (APS-C)
  • Sony α5000 (APS-C)
  • Sony α5100 (APS-C)
  • Sony α6000 (APS-C)
  • Sony α6100 (APS-C)
  • Sony α6300 (APS-C)
  • Sony α6400 (APS-C)
  • Sony α6500 (APS-C)
  • Sony α6600 (APS-C)
  • Sony α1 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony α7 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony α9 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony α7R (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony α7S (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony α7C (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony α7 II / α7R II / α7S II / α9 II
  • Sony α7 III / α7R III / α7S III
  • Sony α7 IV / α7R IV
  • Sony α7R V
  • Sony FX3 Cinema Line (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony QX1 (APS-C)
  • Sony ZV-E1
  • Sony ZV-E10 (APS-C)
  • Sony ZV-1F (2022)
  • Sony ZV-1 Mark II (2023)

camcorders

  • Sony NEX-VG10E (APS-C)
  • Sony NEX-VG20E (APS-C)
  • Sony NEX-VG30E (APS-C)
  • Sony NEX-VG900 (24x36mm --> FE mount)
  • Sony PXW-FS7M2 (24x36mm --> FE mount)

lenses

samples

  • Zeiss Sonnar E 1.8/24 ZA
  • Sony E 1.8/35 OSS
  • Sony E 2.8/90 Macro G OSS
  • Sony E 3.5-5.6/18-55 OSS
  • Sony E 4.5-6.3/55-210 OSS
  • Sony E 4/28-135 G OSS

List of Sony's other digital cameras

RX series cameras

Compact with larger sensors

  • Sony DSC-RX1 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-RX1R (2013)
  • Sony DSC-RX10 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-RX10 II (2015)
  • Sony DSC-RX10 III (2016)
  • Sony DSC-RX10 IV (2017)
  • Sony DSC-RX100 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-RX100M2 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-RX100M3 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-RX100 IV (2015)
  • Sony DSC-RX100 V (2016)
  • Sony DSC-RX100 VA (2018)
  • Sony DSC-RX100 VI (2018)
  • Sony DSC-RX100 VII (2019)

W series compact

  • Sony DSC-W1 (2004)
  • Sony DSC-W5
  • Sony DSC-W7
  • Sony DSC-W12
  • Sony DSC-W15
  • Sony DSC-W17
  • Sony DSC-W30
  • Sony DSC-W35
  • Sony DSC-W40
  • Sony DSC-W50
  • Sony DSC-W55
  • Sony DSC-W70
  • Sony DSC-W80
  • Sony DSC-W85
  • Sony DSC-W90
  • Sony DSC-W100
  • Sony DSC-W110
  • Sony DSC-W115
  • Sony DSC-W120
  • Sony DSC-W125
  • Sony DSC-W130
  • Sony DSC-W150 (2008)
  • Sony DSC-W170
  • Sony DSC-W180
  • Sony DSC-W190
  • Sony DSC-W200
  • Sony DSC-W210
  • Sony DSC-W215
  • Sony DSC-W220 (2009)
  • Sony DSC-W230 (2009)
  • Sony DSC-W270
  • Sony DSC-W275
  • Sony DSC-W290 (2009)
  • Sony DSC-W300
  • Sony DSC-W310
  • Sony DSC-W320
  • Sony DSC-W330
  • Sony DSC-W350
  • Sony DSC-W360
  • Sony DSC-W370 (2010)
  • Sony DSC-W380
  • Sony DSC-W510 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-W520
  • Sony DSC-W530 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-W550
  • Sony DSC-W560 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-W570 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-W580
  • Sony DSC-W610 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-W620 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-W630 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-W650 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-W670
  • Sony DSC-W690 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-W710 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-W730 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-W800 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-W810 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-W830 (2014)

Exmor R sensor

  • Sony DSC-WX1 (2009)
  • Sony DSC-WX5 (2010)
  • Sony DSC-WX7
  • Sony DSC-WX9 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-WX10 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-WX30 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-WX50
  • Sony DSC-WX60 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-WX70 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-WX80 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-WX100 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-WX150 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-WX170 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-WX200 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-WX220 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-WX300 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-WX350 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-WX500 (2015)

T series

Ultra compact, slim design compacts the successor to the Minolta X series compacts.

13461021833_6b8ce9d801_m.jpg
DSC-T33
image by nik.jalopx (Image rights)
  • Sony DSC-T70
  • Sony DSC-T75
  • Sony DSC-T77
  • Sony DSC-T90
  • Sony DSC-T99
  • Sony DSC-T100
  • Sony DSC-T110
  • Sony DSC-T200
  • Sony DSC-T300
  • Sony DSC-T500
  • Sony DSC-T700
  • Sony DSC-T900
  • Sony DSC-TF1 (2013)

Exmor R sensor

  • Sony DSC-TX1
  • Sony DSC-TX5
  • Sony DSC-TX7
  • Sony DSC-TX9
  • Sony DSC-TX10
  • Sony DSC-TX20 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-TX30 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-TX55
  • Sony DSC-TX66 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-TX77
  • Sony DSC-TX100V
  • Sony DSC-TX200V
  • Sony DSC-TX300V

H series

Ultra Zoom

Bridge

  • Sony DSC-H1 (2005)
  • Sony DSC-H2 (2006)
  • Sony DSC-H3 (2007)
  • Sony DSC-H5 (2006)
  • Sony DSC-H7 (2007)
  • Sony DSC-H9 (2007)
  • Sony DSC-H10 (2008)
  • Sony DSC-H20 (2009)
  • Sony DSC-H50 (2008)
  • Sony DSC-H100
  • Sony DSC-H200 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-H300 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-H400 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-HX1 (2009)
  • Sony DSC-HX100V (2011)
  • Sony DSC-HX200V (2012)
  • Sony DSC-HX300 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-HX350 (2016)
  • Sony DSC-HX400V (2014)

Compact

  • Sony DSC-H55 (2010)
  • Sony DSC-H70 (2011)
  • Sony DSC-H90 (2012)
  • Sony DSC-HX5V
  • Sony DSC-HX7V
  • Sony DSC-HX9V
  • Sony DSC-HX10V (2012)
  • Sony DSC-HX20V (2012)
  • Sony DSC-HX30V (2012)
  • Sony DSC-HX50V (2013)
  • Sony DSC-HX60V (2014)
  • Sony DSC-HX80 (2016)
  • Sony DSC-HX90V (2015)
  • Sony DSC-HX95 (2018)
  • Sony DSC-HX99 (2018)

U series cameras

S series

  • Sony DSC-S700 (2007)
  • Sony DSC-S730
  • Sony DSC-S750 (2008)
  • Sony DSC-S780
  • Sony DSC-S800 (2007)
  • Sony DSC-S930
  • Sony DSC-S950 (2005)
  • Sony DSC-S980 (2009)
  • Sony DSC-S1900
  • Sony DSC-S2000
  • Sony DSC-S2100 (2010)
  • Sony DSC-S3000
  • Sony DSC-S5000
  • Sony DSC-ST80

P series

5848466879_d03f095d68_m.jpg
DSC-P1
image by Uwe Kulick (Image rights)
  • Sony DSC-P50 (2001)
  • Sony DSC-P51 (2002)
  • Sony DSC-P52
  • Sony DSC-P53 -
  • Sony DSC-P71 (2002)
  • Sony DSC-P72
  • Sony DSC-P73
  • Sony DSC-P92
  • Sony DSC-P93
  • Sony DSC-P100
  • Sony DSC-P150 (2004)
  • Sony DSC-P200 (2005)

F series

45320062_c63b5e36ac_m.jpg]
DSC-F717
image by Martin Taylor (Image rights)
9701876852_3ee3d767dc_m.jpg
F1
image by maoby (Image rights)

Early cameras have a 180 degree rotating lens platform.

Lens style cameras

10077812176_8f1eb6c99b_m.jpg
QX100
image by MH Chuang (Image rights)

Barrel body lens style design

  • Sony DSC-QX10 (2013)
  • Sony DSC-QX30 (2014)
  • Sony DSC-QX100 (2013)
  • Sony ILCE-QX1 (2014)

Mavica

Still-video cameras

These are video cameras that capture an analog still image onto a Mavipack or VF (Video Floppy) disk. Photos can be viewed and printed with a suitable VF player and or printer.

Digital

High Density 3.5" floppy disk

4310540256_dd51c0e8c6_m.jpg
Sony Mavica FD87
image by Patrick Gervais (Image rights)

Optical disc

Industrial cameras

  • Sony DKC-ID1 - 1996
  • Sony DKC-C21X
  • Sony DKC-C100X
  • Sony DKC-C200X
  • Sony DKC-C300X
  • Sony DKC-C2050X
  • Sony DKC-CM30

References

  1. ↑ Shutterbug article (archived)

Links

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