Difference between revisions of "Ihagee"

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'''Ihagee''' (Industrie- und Handelsgesellschaft)<ref>The name means Industrial and Trading Company. 'Ihagee' (''ee-ha-gey'') is the letters I H G pronounced as in German.</ref> was a German camera maker, now mostly known for its 35 mm SLR cameras. The company was founded in 1912 by '''Johan Steenbergen''', a Dutch merchant. He had received his training at [[Ernemann]] in Dresden.
  
 
{{Flickr_image
 
{{Flickr_image
 
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/5563253692/in/pool-camerawiki
 
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/5563253692/in/pool-camerawiki
|image= http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5308/5563253692_ecda349fea.jpg
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|image= http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5308/5563253692_ecda349fea_n.jpg
|image_align= right
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|image_align= center
 
|image_text= Ihagee Tropen 6.5x9 and 9x12 folding bed cameras
 
|image_text= Ihagee Tropen 6.5x9 and 9x12 folding bed cameras
 
|image_by= eBayer Yalluflex
 
|image_by= eBayer Yalluflex
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}}
 
}}
  
== Company origins ==
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{{br}}
'''Ihagee''' (Industrie- und Handelsgesellschaft)<ref>The name means Industrial and Trading Company. 'Ihagee' (''ee-ha-gey'') is the letters I H G pronounced as in German.</ref> was a German camera maker, now mostly known for its 35 mm SLR cameras. The company was founded in 1912 by Johan Steenbergen, a Dutch merchant. He had received his training at [[Ernemann]] in Dresden. The company started by producing conventional folding rollfilm and plate cameras. By 1918, the German economy was in serious trouble and so was Ihagee. It was liquidated and set up again. By 1925, Ihagee produced 1,000 rollfilm cameras a day.
+
 
 +
==History==
 +
===Company origins===
 +
The company started by producing conventional folding rollfilm and plate cameras. By 1918, the German economy was in serious trouble and so was Ihagee. It was liquidated and set up again. By 1925, Ihagee produced 1,000 rollfilm cameras a day.
  
 
In 1933 the [[Exakta]] A was presented. It was a single lens reflex and was greeted with scepticism. This Exakta took 3&times;6,5cm pictures on [[127 film]]. The Exakta line was to become Ihagee's major success. In 1936 its  most famous camera, the [[Kine Exakta]] was presented at the Leipziger Messe. This was the first [[SLR]] to take pictures on 35mm film<ref>According to [[McKeown]], p. 427. The [[GOMZ]] [[Sport (SLR)|Sport]] was introduced in the same year.</ref>. From the beginning the 35 mm Exakta was a system camera, offering interchangable lenses, finders, microscope adapters and plate film backs.
 
In 1933 the [[Exakta]] A was presented. It was a single lens reflex and was greeted with scepticism. This Exakta took 3&times;6,5cm pictures on [[127 film]]. The Exakta line was to become Ihagee's major success. In 1936 its  most famous camera, the [[Kine Exakta]] was presented at the Leipziger Messe. This was the first [[SLR]] to take pictures on 35mm film<ref>According to [[McKeown]], p. 427. The [[GOMZ]] [[Sport (SLR)|Sport]] was introduced in the same year.</ref>. From the beginning the 35 mm Exakta was a system camera, offering interchangable lenses, finders, microscope adapters and plate film backs.
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}}
 
}}
 
</div>
 
</div>
== Cold war ==
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===Cold war===
 
In 1945, the Ihagee production facilities found themselves in the Soviet occupation zone. The Dresden plant started producing cameras again in 1945. For a time Ihagee had a special place in East Germany; while German camera making companies were being nationalised into VEB (''company owned by the people'') Zeiss Ikon/Pentacon, Ihagee had a certain autonomy because it had been Dutch-owned and East German officials were reluctant to damage international relations.  
 
In 1945, the Ihagee production facilities found themselves in the Soviet occupation zone. The Dresden plant started producing cameras again in 1945. For a time Ihagee had a special place in East Germany; while German camera making companies were being nationalised into VEB (''company owned by the people'') Zeiss Ikon/Pentacon, Ihagee had a certain autonomy because it had been Dutch-owned and East German officials were reluctant to damage international relations.  
 
After the war Exakta continued to make Kine Exakta cameras. According to {{McKeown}}, postwar models have a ribbed mirror chamber. Models used for export to the USA were engraved with "Soviet occupied Germany".  
 
After the war Exakta continued to make Kine Exakta cameras. According to {{McKeown}}, postwar models have a ribbed mirror chamber. Models used for export to the USA were engraved with "Soviet occupied Germany".  
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By 1949 improvements were made to the Exakta. The focus magnifier now had a protective door. This model is known as the [[Exakta ]]II.
 
By 1949 improvements were made to the Exakta. The focus magnifier now had a protective door. This model is known as the [[Exakta ]]II.
  
== Trade disputes ==
+
===Trade disputes===
 
In 1950 the Exakta Varex or V was introduced. Sources on the internet report the American company Argus quickly reserved the "Varex" name as a trademark and never used it, thus blocking the import of Exakta Varex cameras to the USA. Export models were renamed [[Exakta]] VX. It's the same camera with a different nameplate. The Exakta Varex series had interchangable pentaprisms, later ones are even metered. They're beautiful cameras with a reputation of good quality. So good, a professional photographer in Alfred Hitchcock's ''Rear window'' (1954) uses an [[Exakta]].
 
In 1950 the Exakta Varex or V was introduced. Sources on the internet report the American company Argus quickly reserved the "Varex" name as a trademark and never used it, thus blocking the import of Exakta Varex cameras to the USA. Export models were renamed [[Exakta]] VX. It's the same camera with a different nameplate. The Exakta Varex series had interchangable pentaprisms, later ones are even metered. They're beautiful cameras with a reputation of good quality. So good, a professional photographer in Alfred Hitchcock's ''Rear window'' (1954) uses an [[Exakta]].
  
== Ihagee West ==
+
===Ihagee West===
Meanwhile, the original owners tried to get back their ownership rights. When this effort proved to be unsuccessful, they founded Ihagee West in Frankfurt and later in Munich. Ihagee West started lawsuits against Ihagee East. Most of these failed.  
+
Meanwhile, the original owners tried to get back their ownership rights. When this effort proved to be unsuccessful, they founded Ihagee Kamerawerk AG ('Ihagee West') in Frankfurt and later in Munich (the company also gave an address in Berlin<ref>[http://www.ihagee.org/Manuals/gebexaktareal.pdf User manual for the Exakta Real] at Hugo Ruys' [http://www.ihagee.org/ Ihagee.org].</ref>). Ihagee West started lawsuits against Ihagee East. Most of these failed.  
  
This West German produced the reportedly unreliable Exakta Real. This camera wasn't a selling success. Later they made their own version of the Exakta 66, a high quality [[medium format]] camera that used [[Pentacon Six mount]] lenses or dedicated [[Schneider]] lenses. A [[rangefinder camera]] '''Exa 35E''' seems to have been a little success.
+
Ihagee West made the reportedly unreliable<ref>Described as such by Hugo Ruys' [http://www.ihagee.org/History/ShorthistoryofIhagee.pdf Short history of Ihagee] (pdf) at [http://www.ihagee.org/ Ihagee.org].</ref> [[Exakta Real]]. This included several improvements on the Exaktas from Dresden of the time (an instant-return mirror, a right-handed shutter release, and an improved lens mount allowing automatic stop-down), but the camera wasn't a commercial success. [[Exakta#Made_in_West_Germany |Rebadged SLRs]] from [[Petri]] and [[Cosina]] were also offered. Later they made their own version of the Exakta 66, a high quality [[medium format]] camera that used [[Pentacon Six mount]] lenses or dedicated [[Schneider]] lenses. A [[rangefinder camera]] '''Exa 35E''' seems to have been a little success.
 
 
== 35mm SLR cameras ==
 
''See [[Exakta]] and [[Exa family]].''
 
  
== 1912-1918: Early folding cameras ==
+
==Cameras==
* Photorex
 
* Photorekord
 
* Photoklapp
 
* Viktor
 
* Patent-Duplex
 
* Triplex
 
* Weltrekord-Kamera
 
* [[Microbie]]
 
* [[Ihagee Venus|Venus]]
 
* Photoknips
 
 
 
== 1922-1939: folders, reflex boxes and others ==
 
 
{| class="plainlinks floatright" width=200px style="text-align: center;"
 
{| class="plainlinks floatright" width=200px style="text-align: center;"
 
||
 
||
[http://www.flickr.com/photos/rebollo_fr/2171674762/in/pool-camerawiki/ http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2390/2171674762_aa821e49da_m_d.jpg]
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[http://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/48709508233/in/pool-camerawiki/ https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/48709508233_0e03787d58_m_d.jpg]
 
|-
 
|-
||Advertisement by Ihagee in ''[[Asahi Camera]]'' June 1932.<br><small>Scan by {{image author|rebollo_fr}}. {{public domain Japan old}}</small>
+
||Ihagee ad in ''[[Asahi Camera]]'' June 1932.<br><small>Scan by {{image author|rebollo_fr}}. {{public domain Japan old}}</small>
 
|-
 
|-
 
||
 
||
 
{{Flickr_image
 
{{Flickr_image
 
|image_source=http://www.flickr.com/photos/s-demir/4788974841/in/pool-camerawiki/
 
|image_source=http://www.flickr.com/photos/s-demir/4788974841/in/pool-camerawiki/
|image= http://farm5.static.flickr.com/4123/4788974841_234fca7bbf.jpg
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|image= http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4123/4788974841_234fca7bbf_n_d.jpg
 
|image_align= right
 
|image_align= right
 
|image_text= Ihagee Zweiformat-Auto-Ultrix c.1936
 
|image_text= Ihagee Zweiformat-Auto-Ultrix c.1936
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|}
 
|}
  
 +
===1912-1918: Early folding cameras===
 +
* Photorex
 +
* Photorekord
 +
* Photoklapp
 +
* Viktor
 +
* Patent-Duplex
 +
* Triplex
 +
* Weltrekord-Kamera
 +
* [[Microbie]]
 +
* Photoknips
 +
 +
===1920-1939: Folders, Reflex Boxes and others===
 
* [[Neugold]]
 
* [[Neugold]]
 
* Roll-Paff
 
* Roll-Paff
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* Derby
 
* Derby
 
* [[Paff-Reflex|Plan-Paff-Reflex]]
 
* [[Paff-Reflex|Plan-Paff-Reflex]]
 +
* Rulex
 
* [[Ultrix]]
 
* [[Ultrix]]
 +
* [[Auto-Ultrix mit Plattenrückwand]]
 +
* [[Ihagee Venus|Venus]]
 
* [[Patent-Klapp-Reflex]]
 
* [[Patent-Klapp-Reflex]]
 
* Ama
 
* Ama
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* Stereo-Automat
 
* Stereo-Automat
 
* Serien-Reflex
 
* Serien-Reflex
* Zweiverschluss Duplex
+
* [[Zweiverschluss Duplex]]
 
* Auto-Photoklapp
 
* Auto-Photoklapp
* Nachtreflex
+
* [[Nachtreflex]]
 
* Sport-Kamera
 
* Sport-Kamera
 
* [[Zweiformat-Auto-Ultrix]]
 
* [[Zweiformat-Auto-Ultrix]]
 
* [[Parvola]]
 
* [[Parvola]]
 
* Westentaschen-Auto-Ultrix
 
* Westentaschen-Auto-Ultrix
 +
 +
===[[35mm]] SLR cameras===
 +
''See [[Exakta]] and [[Exa family]].''
 +
 +
{{Flickr_image
 +
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/90900361@N08/8316114527/in/pool-camerawiki/
 +
|image=  http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8076/8316114527_05ff8c3a7e_m.jpg
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|image_align= left
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|image_text= Exakta Varex IIb
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|image_by= Geoff Harrisson
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|image_rights= wp
 +
}}
 +
 +
{{br}}
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
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== Bibliography ==
+
==Bibliography==
 
* ''[[Asahi Camera]]''. Advertisement by Ihagee in June 1932 (p.A23).
 
* ''[[Asahi Camera]]''. Advertisement by Ihagee in June 1932 (p.A23).
* Aguila, Clément and Rouah, Michel. ''Exakta Cameras. 1933-1978.'' UK: Hove Books, 1987. 190 pages. ISBN 0906447380.
+
* Aguila, Clément and Rouah, Michel. ''Exakta Cameras. 1933-1978.'' UK: Hove Books, 1987. 190 pages. <nowiki>ISBN</nowiki> 0906447380.
 +
* Allinson, K. L. ''Exa Photography Technique And Practice.'' Morgan Publishing, 1965. ASIN B000S2ZNSY.
 +
* Longden, Peter. ''Ihagee - the Men and the Cameras''. 2008 and 2011. 158 pages. Available for download at [http://www.exaktacircle.org/publications.html Exaktacircle.org].
 
* Emanuel, W. D. ''Exakta guide: How and why with the Kine-Exakta I, II, V and VX, EXA, VP Exakta, Exakta junior and the 21/4" x 21/4" Exakta.'' [http://www.focalpress.com/ Focal Press], 15th edition, 1953. 110 pages. ASIN B0000CIO5W.
 
* Emanuel, W. D. ''Exakta guide: How and why with the Kine-Exakta I, II, V and VX, EXA, VP Exakta, Exakta junior and the 21/4" x 21/4" Exakta.'' [http://www.focalpress.com/ Focal Press], 15th edition, 1953. 110 pages. ASIN B0000CIO5W.
* Allinson, K. L. ''Exa Photography Technique And Practice.'' Morgan Publishing, 1965. ASIN B000S2ZNSY.
 
  
 +
==Links==
 +
====Catalogues====
 +
Catalogues at [http://www.ihagee.org/ Ihagee.org] :
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1914D.pdf 1914 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1921D.pdf 1921 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1922NL.pdf 1922 Catalogue] Dutch language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1924-25NL.pdf 1924-25 Catalogue] Dutch language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1924-25D.pdf 1924-25 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1925D.pdf 1925 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1925-26D.pdf 1925-26 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1925-26E.pdf 1925-26 Catalogue] English language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1926-27D.pdf 1926-1927 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1927D.pdf 1927 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1927-28D.pdf 1927-28 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1928E.pdf 1928 Catalogue] English language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1928-29D.pdf 1928-29 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1929-30D.pdf 1929-1930 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1930-31-4.pdf 1930-31 Catalogue] in 4 languages
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1932D.pdf 1932 Catalogue] German language version
 +
<!--Commented out link, page no longer present/available, please remove if not returned by 8/2023 * [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1932Dex.pdf 1932 Catalogue] German language version, for the Export market -->
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1933Dex.pdf 1933 Catalogue] German language version, for the Export market
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1934D.pdf 1934 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1934Dex.pdf 1934 Catalogue] German language version, for the Export market
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1935D.pdf 1935 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1935F.pdf 1935 Catalogue] French language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1937D.pdf 1937 Catalogue] German language version
 +
* [http://www.ihagee.org/cat/IHGcat1939D.pdf 1939 Catalogue] German language version
 +
 +
====General====
  
== Links ==
+
In English:
{{Dresden}}
+
* [http://www.pacificrimcamera.com/pp/ihagee.htm Ihagee] at [http://www.pacificrimcamera.com/index.htm Pacific Rim Camera]
* [http://www.pacificrimcamera.com/pp/ihagee/ihagee.htm Ihagee at Pacific Rim]
 
* [http://www.dresdner-kameras.de/firmengeschichte/firmen/firmen.html Company history] at [http://www.dresdner-kameras.de/ dresdner-kameras.de]
 
 
* [http://www.wrotniak.net/photo/exakta/index.html Classic Exakta Cameras], by Andrzej Wrotniak, at [http://www.wrotniak.net/ Wrotniak.net]
 
* [http://www.wrotniak.net/photo/exakta/index.html Classic Exakta Cameras], by Andrzej Wrotniak, at [http://www.wrotniak.net/ Wrotniak.net]
* [http://exakta.pl/ EXAKTA.pl], by Pawel Fila and Jerzy Szajta
+
* A trilingual [http://www.peterlanczak.de/ihagee_history.htm Ihagee company history]
* [http://www.exaktapages.com The Exakta and Exa Pages] in German
+
* [http://www.butkus.org/chinon/other_manuals.htm Ihagee Parvola, Auto-Ultrix, and Double Extension instruction manuals] at [http://www.butkus.org/chinon Orphancameras.com]
* a trilingual [http://www.peterlanczak.de/ihagee_history.htm Ihagee company history]
 
* a [http://www.steenbergen-stichting.nl/ Johan Steenbergen biography and Ihagee company] history in Dutch
 
* [http://www.fotografianegliannitrenta.com/storiaihagee.htm Discussions on the Kine Exakta vs Russian Sport and Ihagee company history] in Italian
 
* [http://photo.even.free.fr/col_app_ihagee.php Ihagee page] at [http://photo.even.free.fr/ Collection G. Even's site]
 
* [http://www.collection-appareils.fr/general/html/liste5_imagettes.php#Ihagee Cameras and User manuals] at www.collection-appareils.fr
 
* [http://www.butkus.org/chinon/other_manuals.htm Ihagee Parvola and Auto-Ultrix instruction manuals] at [http://www.butkus.org/chinon Orphancameras.com]
 
 
* [http://collectiblend.com/Cameras/Ihagee/ Ihagee Cameras Price Guide] at [http://collectiblend.com/Cameras/ CollectiBlend]
 
* [http://collectiblend.com/Cameras/Ihagee/ Ihagee Cameras Price Guide] at [http://collectiblend.com/Cameras/ CollectiBlend]
 +
* [https://youtu.be/g3U-2NuBV1Q Ihagee Patent Duplex video presentation] by YouTuber [https://www.youtube.com/@MrKayFisher Kay's Cameras]
 +
 +
In Dutch:
 +
* A [http://www.steenbergen-stichting.nl/ Johan Steenbergen biography and Ihagee company] history
 +
 +
In French:
 +
* [http://www.collectiongeven.com/piwigo/index.php?/category/831 Ihagee page] at [http://www.collectiongeven.com/piwigo/ Collection G. Even's site]
 +
 +
In German:
 +
* [http://www.dresdner-kameras.de/firmengeschichte/firmen/firmen.html Company history] at [http://www.dresdner-kameras.de/ dresdner-kameras.de]
 +
* [http://www.exaktapages.com The Exakta and Exa Pages]
 +
 +
In Italian:
 +
* [http://www.guidafotousato.com/4-STORIA_MARCHE/testi/GOMZ-LOMO.htm Discussions on the Kine Exakta vs Russian Sport]
 +
 +
  
 
[[Category: German camera makers]]
 
[[Category: German camera makers]]
 
[[Category: East Germany]]
 
[[Category: East Germany]]
 
[[Category: Ihagee|*]]
 
[[Category: Ihagee|*]]

Latest revision as of 19:17, 4 April 2024

Camera industry in Dresden
Balda | Certo | Eho-Altissa | Eichapfel | Ernemann | Feinmess | Heyde | Hamaphot | Huth | Hüttig | ICA | Ihagee | Kochmann | Kerman | KW | Eugen Loeber | Ludwig | Mentor | Merkel | Meyer | Mimosa | Pentacon | Richter | Sommer | Stübiger | Unger & Hoffmann | Werner | Wünsche | Zeiss Ikon | Zeh
Camera distributors in Dresden
Stöckig
Camera industry in Freital
Beier | Pouva | Stein & Binnewerg | Thowe | Welta


Ihagee (Industrie- und Handelsgesellschaft)[1] was a German camera maker, now mostly known for its 35 mm SLR cameras. The company was founded in 1912 by Johan Steenbergen, a Dutch merchant. He had received his training at Ernemann in Dresden.


History

Company origins

The company started by producing conventional folding rollfilm and plate cameras. By 1918, the German economy was in serious trouble and so was Ihagee. It was liquidated and set up again. By 1925, Ihagee produced 1,000 rollfilm cameras a day.

In 1933 the Exakta A was presented. It was a single lens reflex and was greeted with scepticism. This Exakta took 3×6,5cm pictures on 127 film. The Exakta line was to become Ihagee's major success. In 1936 its most famous camera, the Kine Exakta was presented at the Leipziger Messe. This was the first SLR to take pictures on 35mm film[2]. From the beginning the 35 mm Exakta was a system camera, offering interchangable lenses, finders, microscope adapters and plate film backs.

By 1940 camera production ceased because of the war and Steenbergen, a Dutch national, transferred ownership rights in the company to trusted partners and employees because of xenophobia in Germany.

Cold war

In 1945, the Ihagee production facilities found themselves in the Soviet occupation zone. The Dresden plant started producing cameras again in 1945. For a time Ihagee had a special place in East Germany; while German camera making companies were being nationalised into VEB (company owned by the people) Zeiss Ikon/Pentacon, Ihagee had a certain autonomy because it had been Dutch-owned and East German officials were reluctant to damage international relations. After the war Exakta continued to make Kine Exakta cameras. According to McKeown, postwar models have a ribbed mirror chamber. Models used for export to the USA were engraved with "Soviet occupied Germany".

By 1949 improvements were made to the Exakta. The focus magnifier now had a protective door. This model is known as the Exakta II.

Trade disputes

In 1950 the Exakta Varex or V was introduced. Sources on the internet report the American company Argus quickly reserved the "Varex" name as a trademark and never used it, thus blocking the import of Exakta Varex cameras to the USA. Export models were renamed Exakta VX. It's the same camera with a different nameplate. The Exakta Varex series had interchangable pentaprisms, later ones are even metered. They're beautiful cameras with a reputation of good quality. So good, a professional photographer in Alfred Hitchcock's Rear window (1954) uses an Exakta.

Ihagee West

Meanwhile, the original owners tried to get back their ownership rights. When this effort proved to be unsuccessful, they founded Ihagee Kamerawerk AG ('Ihagee West') in Frankfurt and later in Munich (the company also gave an address in Berlin[3]). Ihagee West started lawsuits against Ihagee East. Most of these failed.

Ihagee West made the reportedly unreliable[4] Exakta Real. This included several improvements on the Exaktas from Dresden of the time (an instant-return mirror, a right-handed shutter release, and an improved lens mount allowing automatic stop-down), but the camera wasn't a commercial success. Rebadged SLRs from Petri and Cosina were also offered. Later they made their own version of the Exakta 66, a high quality medium format camera that used Pentacon Six mount lenses or dedicated Schneider lenses. A rangefinder camera Exa 35E seems to have been a little success.

Cameras

1912-1918: Early folding cameras

  • Photorex
  • Photorekord
  • Photoklapp
  • Viktor
  • Patent-Duplex
  • Triplex
  • Weltrekord-Kamera
  • Microbie
  • Photoknips

1920-1939: Folders, Reflex Boxes and others

35mm SLR cameras

See Exakta and Exa family.


Notes

  1. The name means Industrial and Trading Company. 'Ihagee' (ee-ha-gey) is the letters I H G pronounced as in German.
  2. According to McKeown, p. 427. The GOMZ Sport was introduced in the same year.
  3. User manual for the Exakta Real at Hugo Ruys' Ihagee.org.
  4. Described as such by Hugo Ruys' Short history of Ihagee (pdf) at Ihagee.org.


Bibliography

  • Asahi Camera. Advertisement by Ihagee in June 1932 (p.A23).
  • Aguila, Clément and Rouah, Michel. Exakta Cameras. 1933-1978. UK: Hove Books, 1987. 190 pages. ISBN 0906447380.
  • Allinson, K. L. Exa Photography Technique And Practice. Morgan Publishing, 1965. ASIN B000S2ZNSY.
  • Longden, Peter. Ihagee - the Men and the Cameras. 2008 and 2011. 158 pages. Available for download at Exaktacircle.org.
  • Emanuel, W. D. Exakta guide: How and why with the Kine-Exakta I, II, V and VX, EXA, VP Exakta, Exakta junior and the 21/4" x 21/4" Exakta. Focal Press, 15th edition, 1953. 110 pages. ASIN B0000CIO5W.

Links

Catalogues

Catalogues at Ihagee.org :

General

In English:

In Dutch:

In French:

In German:

In Italian: