Difference between revisions of "Ramera"

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{{Japanese cine film subminiature
 
{{Japanese cine film subminiature
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|image=[http://www.flickr.com/photos/kratz/1348786994/in/pool-camerapedia/ http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1386/1348786994_b1f138de9a_m_d.jpg]<br>''<small>Picture by John Kratz. {{creative commons}}</small>''
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/kratz/1348786994/in/pool-camerawiki
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|image= http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1386/1348786994_b1f138de9a_m_d.jpg  
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|image_align=
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|image_text= Bell Kamra
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|image_by= John Kratz
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|image_rights= non-commercial
 
}}
 
}}
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The '''Ramera''' (ラメラ) is a fancy combination of a transistor radio and a 16mm camera, made by [[Kowa]] in 1959–60. It was also distributed by [[Bell International|Bell International Corp.]] under the name '''Bell Kamra'''.<REF name="Bell"> The company name "Bell International Corp." appears on the instruction manual of the Bell Kamra, reproduced [http://www.submin.com/16mm/manuals/kowa/index.htm here at Submin.com]. </REF> The camera part was sold alone in limited quantities as the '''Bell 16'''.
+
The '''Ramera''' (ラメラ) is a combination of a transistor radio and a 16mm camera, made by [[Kowa]] in 1959–60. It was also distributed by [[Bell International|Bell International Corp.]] under the name '''Bell Kamra'''.<REF name="Bell"> The company name "Bell International Corp." appears on the instruction manual of the Bell Kamra, reproduced [http://www.submin.com/16mm/manuals/kowa/index.htm here at Submin.com]. </REF> The camera part was sold alone in limited quantities as the '''Bell 16'''.
  
−
Both the Ramera and Bell Kamra are alternatively named "Model KTC-62", where "KTC" certainly stands for <u>K</u>owa <u>T</u>ransistor <u>C</u>amera. This name is in line with the "KT" model names used for other Kowa transistor radios.<REF> For other Kowa KT models, see [http://www.fiftiesradio.com/Radiosalpha.html this page at Fifties Radio]. </REF>
+
Both the Ramera and Bell Kamra are alternatively named "Model KTC-62", where "KTC" certainly stands for <u>K</u>owa <u>T</u>ransistor <u>C</u>amera. This name is in line with the "KT" model names used for other Kowa transistor radios.<REF> For other Kowa KT models, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20080929013358/http://www.fiftiesradio.com/Radiosalpha.html this page at Fifties Radio] (archived). </REF>
  
 
== Context ==
 
== Context ==
−
The idea of combining a radio and a camera was made possible by the emergence of pocket transistor radios in the 1950s. It was first done in 1959 by [[Kowa]], both a radio maker and a camera maker.<REF> For other Kowa transistor radios, see [http://www.fiftiesradio.com/Radiosalpha.html this page at Fifties Radio]. </REF> (This was four years after the release of the first Japanese transistor radio by Tōkyō Tsūshin Kōgyō, predecessor of [[Sony]].)<REF> See [http://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-5/h4.html this page of the Sony company history]. </REF> Kowa had no previous experience of [[subminiature]] cameras and decided to use the [[Minolta 16]] cassette system for the camera part, which was disproportionately smaller than the transistor radio. In 1963, [[Minolta]] revived the idea with the [[Sonocon 16]], based on the Minolta 16 and integrating a miniaturized radio component in a much smaller package.
+
The idea of combining a radio and a camera was made possible by the emergence of pocket transistor radios in the 1950s. It was first done in 1959 by [[Kowa]], both a radio maker and a camera maker.<REF> For other Kowa transistor radios, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20080929013358/http://www.fiftiesradio.com/Radiosalpha.html this page at Fifties Radio] (archived). </REF> (This was four years after the release of the first Japanese transistor radio by Tōkyō Tsūshin Kōgyō, predecessor of [[Sony]].)<REF> See [https://web.archive.org/web/20070103201200/https://www.sony.net/Fun/SH/1-5/h4.html this page of the Sony company history] (archived). </REF> Kowa had no previous experience of [[subminiature]] cameras and decided to use the [[Minolta 16]] cassette system for the camera part, which was disproportionately smaller than the transistor radio. In 1963, [[Minolta]] revived the idea with the [[Sonocon 16]], based on the Minolta 16 and integrating a miniaturized radio component in a much smaller package.
  
 
== Description of the camera alone ==
 
== Description of the camera alone ==
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The Ramera and Bell Kamra contain the camera described above, stripped of its metal casing, combined with a transistor radio inside in a plastic shell. The camera part is inserted at the right end of the item, and is oriented vertically, with the release button at the bottom right and the film loading door at the right end, as seen from the rear. The lens is surrounded by a rectangular metal plate inscribed ''ramera <small>KOWA</small>'' or ''BELL kamra'' in red and white, and ''Prominar 1:3.5 f=23mm''.
 
The Ramera and Bell Kamra contain the camera described above, stripped of its metal casing, combined with a transistor radio inside in a plastic shell. The camera part is inserted at the right end of the item, and is oriented vertically, with the release button at the bottom right and the film loading door at the right end, as seen from the rear. The lens is surrounded by a rectangular metal plate inscribed ''ramera <small>KOWA</small>'' or ''BELL kamra'' in red and white, and ''Prominar 1:3.5 f=23mm''.
  
−
The radio part was made by [[Kowa]] itself, which was offering a range of transistor radios at the time.<REF> For other Kowa transistor radios, see [http://www.fiftiesradio.com/Radiosalpha.html this page at Fifties Radio]. </REF> There is a large round loudspeaker on the front face, a tune dial, a volume dial and an earphone socket on the left face, and a tripod thread on the underside.
+
The radio part was made by [[Kowa]] itself, which was offering a range of transistor radios at the time.<REF> For other Kowa transistor radios, see [https://web.archive.org/web/20080929013358/http://www.fiftiesradio.com/Radiosalpha.html this page at Fifties Radio] (archived). </REF> There is a large round loudspeaker on the front face, a tune dial, a volume dial and an earphone socket on the left face, and a tripod thread on the underside.
  
 
The rear part of the plastic shell is removable, giving access to the radio internals to change the 9V battery, and revealing part of the camera's mechanism. The radio's specifications are reported on a sticker inside: ''6 TRANSISTOR / FREQ. RANGE 535–1605KC / OUTPUT 70mW / BATTERY 006P''. The electrical scheme is sometimes displayed on another sticker. One of the electrical components is sometimes inscribed ''KOWA'', and sometimes has a sticker with the radio's serial number.
 
The rear part of the plastic shell is removable, giving access to the radio internals to change the 9V battery, and revealing part of the camera's mechanism. The radio's specifications are reported on a sticker inside: ''6 TRANSISTOR / FREQ. RANGE 535–1605KC / OUTPUT 70mW / BATTERY 006P''. The electrical scheme is sometimes displayed on another sticker. One of the electrical components is sometimes inscribed ''KOWA'', and sometimes has a sticker with the radio's serial number.
  
 
The Ramera and Bell Kamra exist in four different colours: red, blue, ivory and black.<REF> Colour names given in the instruction manual of the Bell Kamra, reproduced [http://www.submin.com/16mm/manuals/kowa/index.htm here at Submin.com]. </REF> The front and rear half of the plastic casing is usually of a different colour. The following patterns are confirmed:
 
The Ramera and Bell Kamra exist in four different colours: red, blue, ivory and black.<REF> Colour names given in the instruction manual of the Bell Kamra, reproduced [http://www.submin.com/16mm/manuals/kowa/index.htm here at Submin.com]. </REF> The front and rear half of the plastic casing is usually of a different colour. The following patterns are confirmed:
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{{Flickr_image
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/kodakcollector/10895188435/in/pool-camerawiki/
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|image= http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3717/10895188435_2dabe676c8_n.jpg
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|image_align= right
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|image_text= Kowa Ramera KTC-62
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|image_by= Charlie Kamerman
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|image_rights=  with permission
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}}
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" style="margin: 0.5em 2em; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;"
 
{| border="1" cellpadding="4" style="margin: 0.5em 2em; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;"
 
|-
 
|-
 
| front || rear || names
 
| front || rear || names
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| black || white || Bell Kamra<REF> Example observed in an online auction. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/kowa_ramera_black.htm this page at Submin.com], in [http://www.sky.sannet.ne.jp/seven-ss/camera/ramera.htm this page at Chokkura Pinboke], in [http://www.camerasdownunder.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=2&pos=19 this page at Cameras Downunder] and in [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20white.htm this page] at Benbojo's Classic Cameras. </REF>
+
|| black || white || Bell Kamra<REF> Example observed in an online auction. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/kowa_ramera_black.htm this page at Submin.com], in [http://www.sky.sannet.ne.jp/seven-ss/camera/ramera.htm this page at Chokkura Pinboke] and in [http://www.camerasdownunder.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=search&cat=0&pos=5 this page at Cameras Downunder]. </REF>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|| blue || white || Bell Kamra<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/bell_kamera_blue.htm this page at Submin.com]. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example observed in an online auction. </REF>
 
|| blue || white || Bell Kamra<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/bell_kamera_blue.htm this page at Submin.com]. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example observed in an online auction. </REF>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| blue || blue || Ramera<REF> Example pictured in [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20bleu.htm this page] at Benbojo's Classic Cameras. </REF>
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|| blue || blue || Ramera<REF> Example pictured in [https://web.archive.org/web/20040824183032/http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20bleu.htm this page] (archived) at Benbojo's Classic Cameras. </REF>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| red || white || Bell Kamra<REF> Examples pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/bell_kamera_red.htm this page at Submin.com] and in [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/bell_kamra_radio_camera.htm this page] at Benbojo's Classic Cameras. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/kowa_ramera_red.htm this page at Submin.com]. </REF>
+
|| red || white || Bell Kamra<REF> Examples pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/bell_kamera_red.htm this page at Submin.com] and in [https://web.archive.org/web/20040821141638/http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/bell_kamra_radio_camera.htm this page] (archived) at Benbojo's Classic Cameras. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/kowa_ramera_red.htm this page at Submin.com]. </REF>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| white || black || Bell Kamra<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/bell_kamera_white.htm this page at Submin.com]. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Examples pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/kowa_ramera_white.htm this page at Submin.com] and in [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20white.htm this page] at Benbojo's Classic Cameras. </REF>
+
|| white || black || Bell Kamra<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/bell_kamera_white.htm this page at Submin.com]. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Examples pictured in [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/cameras/kowa_ramera_white.htm this page at Submin.com] and in [https://web.archive.org/web/20040824195750/http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20white.htm this page] (archived) at Benbojo's Classic Cameras. </REF>
 
|-
 
|-
−
|| white || red || Bell Kamra<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.sky.sannet.ne.jp/seven-ss/camera/ramera.htm this page at Chokkura Pinboke]. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example sold as [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=76831&acat=76831&offset=1&_ssl=off lot no.658 of Westlicht Photographica Auction no.11], and example observed in an online auction. </REF>
+
|| white || red || Bell Kamra<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.sky.sannet.ne.jp/seven-ss/camera/ramera.htm this page at Chokkura Pinboke]. </REF> / Ramera<REF> Example sold as lot no.658 of Westlicht Photographica Auction no.11 (see links below), and an example observed in an online auction. </REF>
 
|}
 
|}
  
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In English:
 
In English:
 
* [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/index.htm Ramera and Bell Kamra] at [http://www.submin.com/ Submin.com]; also has [http://www.submin.com/16mm/manuals/kowa/index.htm English instruction manuals]
 
* [http://www.submin.com/16mm/collection/kowa/index.htm Ramera and Bell Kamra] at [http://www.submin.com/ Submin.com]; also has [http://www.submin.com/16mm/manuals/kowa/index.htm English instruction manuals]
−
* [http://www.fiftiesradio.com/Kowa/KOWA%20RAMERA.SWF Ramera] at [http://www.fiftiesradio.com/ Fifties Radio] (click on the arrows to navigate)
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* Past auctions by Westlicht Photographica Auction (now [https://www.leitz-auction.com/auction/en/home Leitz Photographica Auction]):
−
* Past auctions by [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/ Westlicht Photographica Auction]:
+
** [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Kowa-ramera-black/AI-5-23440 Ramera (black)], lot no.502, and [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Kowa-ramera-red/AI-5-23441 Ramera (red)], lot no.503 of the [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Cameras/Past-Auctions/Auction-5/ fifth auction] (May 29, 2004)
−
** [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=18892&acat=18892&_ssl=off Ramera (black)], lot no.502, and [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=18892&acat=18892&offset=1&_ssl=off Ramera (red)], lot no.503 of [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=18879&_ssl=off&lang=3 auction no.5 (May 29, 2004)]
+
** [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Kowa-ramera-Mod.KTC-62/AI-8-25505 Ramera (black)], lot no.598 of the [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Cameras/Past-Auctions/Auction-8/ eighth auction] (November 27, 2005)
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** [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=43177&acat=43177&offset=2&_ssl=off Ramera (black)], lot no.598 of [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=43141&_ssl=off&lang=3 auction no.8 (November 27, 2005)]
+
** [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Kowa-ramera-Mod.KTC-62/AI-11-16011 Ramera (white)], lot no.658 of the [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Cameras/Past-Auctions/Auction-11/ eleventh auction] (May 26, 2007)
−
** [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=76831&acat=76831&offset=1&_ssl=off Ramera (white)], lot no.658 of [http://www.westlicht-auction.com/index.php?id=76798&_ssl=off&lang=3 auction no.11 (May 26, 2007)]
+
* [http://www.camerasdownunder.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=2&pos=39 Ramera] at [http://www.camerasdownunder.com/ Cameras Downunder]
−
* [http://www.camerasdownunder.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=2&pos=19 Ramera] at [http://www.camerasdownunder.com/ Cameras Downunder]
+
 
−
* [http://www.geocities.com/mbarel.geo/ramera.html Ramera] in [http://www.geocities.com/mbarel.geo/ Moshe Bar-El's camera collection]
 
−
* [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/bell_kamra_radio_camera.htm Bell Kamra], [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20white.htm Ramera (white)], [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20bleu.htm Ramera (blue)] and [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/kowa_ramera%20black.htm Ramera (black)] at [http://home.tiscali.nl/benbojo/index.html Benbojo's Classic Cameras]
 
−
* [http://www.wphsociety.org/b_bell_kameradio.htm Bell Kamra] in the [http://www.wphsociety.org/ Western Photographic Historical Society website]
 
−
* Ramera and Bell Kamra among [http://www.subclub.org/shop/16mm.htm 16mm film cameras] at [http://www.subclub.org/ Subclub.org]
 
−
In Spanish:
 
−
* [http://www.dslrmagazine.com/coleccionismo/camaras-clasicas-e-historicas/ramera-de-kowa.html Ramera] at [http://www.dslrmagazine.com/coleccionismo/camaras-clasicas-e-historicas/index.php DSLR Magazine]
 
−
In Japanese:
 
−
* [http://www.sky.sannet.ne.jp/seven-ss/camera/ramera.htm Ramera and Bell Kamra] at [http://www.sky.sannet.ne.jp/seven-ss/camera/index-cam.htm Chokkura Pinboke]
 
−
* Ramera and Bell 16 in the [http://space.geocities.jp/kowa_camera/index.html Kowa camera page]
 
−
* [http://www.geocities.jp/toyoo1943/profile.htm Kowa camera specs] in [http://www.geocities.jp/toyoo1943/youkoso.htm Shihira's Kowa page]
 
  
 
[[Category: Japanese 16mm film]]
 
[[Category: Japanese 16mm film]]
 
[[Category: Radio]]
 
[[Category: Radio]]
 
[[Category: R]]
 
[[Category: R]]

Latest revision as of 06:16, 3 February 2024

1348786994_b1f138de9a_m_d.jpg
Bell Kamra
image by John Kratz (Image rights)
Japanese subminiature on cine film (edit)
8mm film Camera "A" | Camera-Lite | Echo 8 | Kaitenkei
9.5mm film Doryu 1 | Fujica 8×11mm SLR | Yashica Atoron
16mm film Albert | Beauty 16 | Bell 16 | Bell Kamra | Binoca | Camera "B" | CM-16 | Cyclops | Dan 16 | Darling-16 | Doryu 2-16 | Fujica 16mm SLR | Gemmy | Glico Pistol | Konan-16 Automat | Mamiya 16 Automatic | Mica Automat | Micta | Minolta-16 | Minolta-16 EE | Minolta-16 EE II | Minolta-16 MG | Minolta-16 MG-S | Minolta-16 P | Minolta-16 Ps | Minolta 16 QT | Mycro Super 16 | Mykro Fine Color 16 | Nice | Nikon 16 | Poppy | Ramera | Ricoh 16 | Ricoreo 16 | Rubina | Rubix | Seiki 16 | Seiki 16 (pistol) | Shaty 16 | Sonocon 16 | Spy 16 | Steky | Golden Steky | Teleca | Viscawide-16 | Yashica Y16 | Yashica 16 EE | Zany | Zuman Super 16 | Zunow Z16
unknown Matchbox camera
roll film and other film see Japanese roll film subminiature
110 film see Japanese 110 film

The Ramera (ラメラ) is a combination of a transistor radio and a 16mm camera, made by Kowa in 1959–60. It was also distributed by Bell International Corp. under the name Bell Kamra.[1] The camera part was sold alone in limited quantities as the Bell 16.

Both the Ramera and Bell Kamra are alternatively named "Model KTC-62", where "KTC" certainly stands for Kowa Transistor Camera. This name is in line with the "KT" model names used for other Kowa transistor radios.[2]

Context

The idea of combining a radio and a camera was made possible by the emergence of pocket transistor radios in the 1950s. It was first done in 1959 by Kowa, both a radio maker and a camera maker.[3] (This was four years after the release of the first Japanese transistor radio by Tōkyō Tsūshin Kōgyō, predecessor of Sony.)[4] Kowa had no previous experience of subminiature cameras and decided to use the Minolta 16 cassette system for the camera part, which was disproportionately smaller than the transistor radio. In 1963, Minolta revived the idea with the Sonocon 16, based on the Minolta 16 and integrating a miniaturized radio component in a much smaller package.

Description of the camera alone

The Bell 16 is the camera part alone, and is very uncommon.[5] It takes twenty 10×14mm pictures on 16mm film in Minolta 16 cassettes.[6] It is shaped as a matchbox, with the lens on the larger side and satin metal finish overall. The viewfinder is at the bottom right, as seen by the photographer holding the camera horizontally.

The film is advanced and the shutter is cocked by pulling a bar on the right, next to the shutter release. The exposure counter is visible in a small window next to the viewfinder eyepiece — it displays a red dot when the shutter is cocked, and the number of exposures after a picture has been taken.[7] There are two dials at the top, near the front edge, controlling the aperture on the left (from 3.5 to 11) and the shutter speed on the right (B, 50, 100, 200). The rest of the top plate is hinged to the left for film loading, and is opened by a button next to the shutter release. The camera is synchronized for flash, via a PC connection on the front plate.

The lens is a fixed-focus Prominar 25mm f/3.5, made of three elements.[8] On the Bell 16, it is surrounded by a round plate inscribed 1:3.5 f=25mm and 16 Bell.

Combined radio and camera

The Ramera and Bell Kamra contain the camera described above, stripped of its metal casing, combined with a transistor radio inside in a plastic shell. The camera part is inserted at the right end of the item, and is oriented vertically, with the release button at the bottom right and the film loading door at the right end, as seen from the rear. The lens is surrounded by a rectangular metal plate inscribed ramera KOWA or BELL kamra in red and white, and Prominar 1:3.5 f=23mm.

The radio part was made by Kowa itself, which was offering a range of transistor radios at the time.[9] There is a large round loudspeaker on the front face, a tune dial, a volume dial and an earphone socket on the left face, and a tripod thread on the underside.

The rear part of the plastic shell is removable, giving access to the radio internals to change the 9V battery, and revealing part of the camera's mechanism. The radio's specifications are reported on a sticker inside: 6 TRANSISTOR / FREQ. RANGE 535–1605KC / OUTPUT 70mW / BATTERY 006P. The electrical scheme is sometimes displayed on another sticker. One of the electrical components is sometimes inscribed KOWA, and sometimes has a sticker with the radio's serial number.

The Ramera and Bell Kamra exist in four different colours: red, blue, ivory and black.[10] The front and rear half of the plastic casing is usually of a different colour. The following patterns are confirmed:

10895188435_2dabe676c8_n.jpg
Kowa Ramera KTC-62
image by Charlie Kamerman (Image rights)
front rear names
black white Bell Kamra[11] / Ramera[12]
blue white Bell Kamra[13] / Ramera[14]
blue blue Ramera[15]
red white Bell Kamra[16] / Ramera[17]
white black Bell Kamra[18] / Ramera[19]
white red Bell Kamra[20] / Ramera[21]

The device was normally sold in a red cardboard box, inscribed ramera KOWA and MODEL KTC-62, or BELL kamra and MODEL KTC-62 MADE IN JAPAN. It contains the radio camera, an ever-ready case, an earphone and its own pouch, a strap, a transparent plastic lens cap, and the user manual. The colour of the main case, strap and earphone case matches that of the front casing.

Commercial life

The Ramera was announced in Camera Mainichi in April 1959, and was featured in other Japanese magazines from July onwards.[22] It was advertised in Japan for a brief period, from November 1959 to March 1950,[22] at the price of ¥12,800.[23] It seems that the bulk of the production was directed to the export market.[24] The Bell Kamra and Bell 16 were certainly distributed by Bell International in the US only.[1]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 The company name "Bell International Corp." appears on the instruction manual of the Bell Kamra, reproduced here at Submin.com.
  2. ↑ For other Kowa KT models, see this page at Fifties Radio (archived).
  3. ↑ For other Kowa transistor radios, see this page at Fifties Radio (archived).
  4. ↑ See this page of the Sony company history (archived).
  5. ↑ Examples are pictured in Sugiyama, item 5016, and in this page on Kowa cameras.
  6. ↑ Instruction manuals of the Ramera and Bell Kamra, reproduced here at Submin.com.
  7. ↑ Operation of the exposure counter: instruction manuals of the Ramera and Bell Kamra, reproduced here at Submin.com.
  8. ↑ Three elements: Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.413.
  9. ↑ For other Kowa transistor radios, see this page at Fifties Radio (archived).
  10. ↑ Colour names given in the instruction manual of the Bell Kamra, reproduced here at Submin.com.
  11. ↑ Example observed in an online auction.
  12. ↑ Example pictured in this page at Submin.com, in this page at Chokkura Pinboke and in this page at Cameras Downunder.
  13. ↑ Example pictured in this page at Submin.com.
  14. ↑ Example observed in an online auction.
  15. ↑ Example pictured in this page (archived) at Benbojo's Classic Cameras.
  16. ↑ Examples pictured in this page at Submin.com and in this page (archived) at Benbojo's Classic Cameras.
  17. ↑ Example pictured in this page at Submin.com.
  18. ↑ Example pictured in this page at Submin.com.
  19. ↑ Examples pictured in this page at Submin.com and in this page (archived) at Benbojo's Classic Cameras.
  20. ↑ Example pictured in this page at Chokkura Pinboke.
  21. ↑ Example sold as lot no.658 of Westlicht Photographica Auction no.11 (see links below), and an example observed in an online auction.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.413.
  23. ↑ Price: advertisement in Asahi Camera December 1959 reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.314.
  24. ↑ Lewis, p.103, says that the Ramera was "primarily made for export".

Bibliography

Links

In English:

Retrieved from "http://camera-wiki.org/index.php?title=Ramera&oldid=228739"