Difference between revisions of "Tessar"
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|image_text=original Tessar from [[Zeiss]] collection | |image_text=original Tessar from [[Zeiss]] collection | ||
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|image_text=Cross-section of a 50mm f2.8 Tessar,<br>with front element on the left.<BR>(for 35mm, [[M42]] fitting)<br /><small>by {{image author|AWCam}} {{with permission}}</small> | |image_text=Cross-section of a 50mm f2.8 Tessar,<br>with front element on the left.<BR>(for 35mm, [[M42]] fitting)<br /><small>by {{image author|AWCam}} {{with permission}}</small> | ||
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| + | The '''Tessar''' is a camera and projection [[lens]] designed by [[Paul Rudolph]], working for the [[Carl Zeiss]] Jena company, in 1902. It is normally used as a standard lens, and versions of it have been fitted to many millions of cameras. | ||
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| + | The design consists of four glass elements in three groups; the front element is positive, bi-convex (with the rear almost flat), the central a negative bi-concave and, following an aperture, at the rear is a cemented doublet of one plano-concave and one bi-convex element. | ||
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| + | The design is often described as a "modified [[Cooke triplet]]"; this is an easy way to explain the construction of the Tessar to a person familiar with a triplet lens. However, the design is actually a development of Rudolph's earlier lenses.<ref>Kingslake, Rudolph, ''A History of the Photographic Lens'', Academic Press, (1989). "It is certain that the [[Tessar]] was not a modified [[Cooke Triplet]], as the series of steps followed by Dr. Paul Rudolph in going from the [[Anastigmat]] to the Tessar are well established, but for some of the later designs it is not always clear whether they should be regarded as modified Tessars or modified Triplets." </ref> Rudolph's US Patent for the Tessar states that the design combines features from two earlier Zeiss lenses, one consisting of air-spaced groups facing each other (the Unar), the other of two cemented groups (the Zeiss Anastigmat, forerunner of the Protar).<ref>[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=pn%3DUS721240A US Patent 721240], ''Photographic Objective'', filed July 1902 and granted February 1903 to Paul Rudolph and the Carl Zeiss company; describing an f/5.5 Tessar design; at [http://worldwide.espacenet.com/ Espacenet], the patent search facility of the European Patent Office. The patent cites two earlier patents: [https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=pn%3DUS444714A US Patent 444714], ''Photographic Objective'', filed April 1890 and granted January 1891 to Rudolph and the Carl Zeiss company, describing several lenses made up as two cemented groups of two or three glass elements (one of these designs was commercially produced as the Zeiss Anastigmat); and [https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=pn%3DUS660202A US Patent 660202], ''Photographic Objective'', filed January 1900 and granted October 1900 to Rudolph and the Carl Zeiss company, describing several designs using air-spaced glass elements (one of the diagrams includes a cemented pair). One of these designs, with four elements, was produced as the Unar; see Greenleaf (cited below), p70-1 and 82-4.</ref> | ||
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{{Flickr_image | {{Flickr_image | ||
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/89864432@N00/1657168778/in/pool-camerawiki | |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/89864432@N00/1657168778/in/pool-camerawiki | ||
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| − | The | + | The first patented design is for an f/5.5 lens.<ref>[https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search?q=pn%3DAT13124B Austrian Patent 13124], ''Sphärisch, chromatisch und astigmatisch korrigiertes Objektiv'' (spherically-, chromatically- and astigmatically-corrected lens), filed June 1902 and granted March 1903 to the Karl (''sic'') Zeiss company of Jena, describing an f/5.5 Tessar design, at Espacenet; also US Patent 721240, cited above, which is the English-language equivalent. The database at Espacenet does not appear to have the German patent.</ref> This design was not made commercially, however; the first Tessars offered for sale were an f/6.3, and an f/10 apochromatic lens (that is, one corrected to give the same focus at ''three'' wavelengths);<ref>Greenleaf, Allen R. (1950) ''Photographic Optics'', Macmillan, New York, p77-82.</ref> developments in design allowed fast versions like the 1:2,7 f=8cm of 1924. Willy Merté recalculated these fast lenses, resulting in better f2.8 Tessars for small format in 1931 and medium format in 1932. |
| − | In addition to production by [[Carl Zeiss]], the Tessar name and design (under license) was used in the production of numerous lenses by [[Bausch & Lomb]] (Rochester), [[Ross]] (London) and [[Krauss]] (Paris). | + | In addition to production by [[Carl Zeiss]], the Tessar name and design (under license) was used in the production of numerous lenses by [[Bausch & Lomb]] (Rochester), [[Ross]] (London) and [[Krauss]] (Paris). Carl Zeiss opened a factory in Mill Hill, London, in 1909 producing binoculars and later some large format Tessar lenses, marked Carl Zeiss (London). With the outbreak of WWI the company was controlled by the British Government and continued manufacture until being sold to [[Ross]] in June 1917, subsequent lenses were marked Ross Tessar. |
| − | The Tessar design has been widely copied by nearly all major optics companies. By 2002, Carl Zeiss, Inc. had produced over five | + | The Tessar design has been widely copied by nearly all major optics companies. By 2002, Carl Zeiss, Inc. had produced over five million Tessar lenses, and they estimated the total number of Tessar formula lenses at more than 150 million.<ref> ''Innovation – The Magazine from Carl Zeiss", Issue 11, Carl Zeiss, Inc.</ref> |
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A very partial list includes: | A very partial list includes: | ||
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{{Flickr_image | {{Flickr_image | ||
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/nesster/4356261367/in/pool-camerawiki | |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/nesster/4356261367/in/pool-camerawiki | ||
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|image_text=Tessar Series 1c Pat Feb 24, 1903<BR>made by [[Bausch & Lomb]]<br /><small>image by {{image author|Nesster}} {{creative commons}}</small> | |image_text=Tessar Series 1c Pat Feb 24, 1903<BR>made by [[Bausch & Lomb]]<br /><small>image by {{image author|Nesster}} {{creative commons}}</small> | ||
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| + | {{Flickr_image | ||
| + | |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/mario_groleau/2986071602/in/pool-camerawiki | ||
| + | |image= http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3039/2986071602_09b0711135_m.jpg | ||
| + | |image_align= right | ||
| + | |image_text= Tessar on [[Ikonta]]<br /><small>image by {{image author|Mario Groleau}} {{with permission}}</small> | ||
| + | }} | ||
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| + | {{Flickr_image | ||
| + | |image_source=https://www.flickr.com/photos/alf_sigaro/8042682677/in/pool-camerawiki | ||
| + | |image=https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/8042682677_4b2501e335_m.jpg | ||
| + | |image_align= right | ||
| + | |image_text= AGFA Color-Solinar 1:2.8/50mm | ||
| + | ||image_by=Alf Sigaro | ||
| + | |image_rights= nc | ||
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| + | |} | ||
| + | * [[Agfa]] Solinar / Color-Solinar | ||
| + | * Asahi/[[Pentax]] Macro-Takumar 50mm f/4 | ||
| + | * [[Bausch & Lomb]] Tessar (under license) | ||
| + | * [[Canon]] 50mm FL f/3.5, 38mm FLP, 50mm f/2.8 and f/3.5(RF), 35mm f/3.5(RF) | ||
| + | * [[Carl Zeiss |Carl Zeiss Jena]] Tessar | ||
| + | * Carl Zeiss (London) Tessar | ||
| + | * [[Zeiss Ikon |Carl Zeiss (West Germany)]] Opton Tessar, Tessar | ||
| + | * [[Chinon]] Autoflex 50mm f/2.8 | ||
| + | * [[Dallmeyer]] Dalmac, Perfac, Serrac | ||
| + | * [[Ernemann]] Ernon | ||
* [[FED]]/[[KMZ]] [[Industar]] | * [[FED]]/[[KMZ]] [[Industar]] | ||
* [[Ilex]] Paragon | * [[Ilex]] Paragon | ||
| − | * [[Kodak]] Ektar | + | * [[Kodak]] Anastigmat, Ektar (some are Plasmats or Dialytes) |
* [[Konica]] Macro-Hexanon AR 55 mm f/3.5 | * [[Konica]] Macro-Hexanon AR 55 mm f/3.5 | ||
* [[Krauss]]-Zeiss Tessar (under license) | * [[Krauss]]-Zeiss Tessar (under license) | ||
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* [[Nikon]] 45mm GN Nikkor, El-Nikkor 50mm f/4 | * [[Nikon]] 45mm GN Nikkor, El-Nikkor 50mm f/4 | ||
* [[Olympus]] in many of their compact cameras including the [[Olympus Trip 35|Trip 35]] (40mm f/2.8) and [[Olympus mju Stylus Epic|mju series]]. | * [[Olympus]] in many of their compact cameras including the [[Olympus Trip 35|Trip 35]] (40mm f/2.8) and [[Olympus mju Stylus Epic|mju series]]. | ||
| + | * Osaka Commercial (Large Format) | ||
* [[Plaubel]] Anticomar | * [[Plaubel]] Anticomar | ||
* [[Rodenstock]] Ysar, Rogonar | * [[Rodenstock]] Ysar, Rogonar | ||
| − | * [[Ross]] | + | * [[Ross]] Tessar (under license) Clapham Common factory |
| − | + | * [[Ross]] (Mill Hill) Tessar - produced in the former Carl Zeiss (London) factory. | |
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* [[Schneider]] Xenar, Comparon | * [[Schneider]] Xenar, Comparon | ||
| + | * [[Steinheil]] Cassar | ||
* [[Taylor-Hobson|Taylor & Hobson]] Apotal, Ental | * [[Taylor-Hobson|Taylor & Hobson]] Apotal, Ental | ||
* [[Voigtlander]] Heliostigmat, Skopar | * [[Voigtlander]] Heliostigmat, Skopar | ||
| − | * [[Wollensak]] Raptar | + | * [[Wollensak]] Velostigmat, Raptar |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Yamasaki]] Congo Commercial (large Format) |
| − | * [[ | + | * [[Yashica]] Yashinon TLR, Yashica T AF |
{{br}} | {{br}} | ||
| − | == | + | |
| − | + | ==Notes== | |
| − | + | <references/> | |
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| − | + | ==Links== | |
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* [http://oomz.net/tessar/ How to clean or repair a 50mm f2.8 Tessar, by Michel Pollet] | * [http://oomz.net/tessar/ How to clean or repair a 50mm f2.8 Tessar, by Michel Pollet] | ||
| − | * [http://www.zeiss. | + | * [http://www.zeiss.co.in/content/dam/Corporate/pressandmedia/downloads/Carl_Zeiss_Innovation_English_Issue_11.pdf Innovation 11, 100th Anniversary of the Tessar (page 32)] |
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[[Category: German lenses]] | [[Category: German lenses]] | ||
[[Category: 1900-1905]] | [[Category: 1900-1905]] | ||
[[Category: Carl Zeiss]] | [[Category: Carl Zeiss]] | ||
Latest revision as of 10:13, 5 March 2024
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The Tessar is a camera and projection lens designed by Paul Rudolph, working for the Carl Zeiss Jena company, in 1902. It is normally used as a standard lens, and versions of it have been fitted to many millions of cameras.
The design consists of four glass elements in three groups; the front element is positive, bi-convex (with the rear almost flat), the central a negative bi-concave and, following an aperture, at the rear is a cemented doublet of one plano-concave and one bi-convex element.
The design is often described as a "modified Cooke triplet"; this is an easy way to explain the construction of the Tessar to a person familiar with a triplet lens. However, the design is actually a development of Rudolph's earlier lenses.[1] Rudolph's US Patent for the Tessar states that the design combines features from two earlier Zeiss lenses, one consisting of air-spaced groups facing each other (the Unar), the other of two cemented groups (the Zeiss Anastigmat, forerunner of the Protar).[2]
|
| Cut-away diagram of a Tessar scanned by Uwe Kulick (Image rights) |
The first patented design is for an f/5.5 lens.[3] This design was not made commercially, however; the first Tessars offered for sale were an f/6.3, and an f/10 apochromatic lens (that is, one corrected to give the same focus at three wavelengths);[4] developments in design allowed fast versions like the 1:2,7 f=8cm of 1924. Willy Merté recalculated these fast lenses, resulting in better f2.8 Tessars for small format in 1931 and medium format in 1932.
In addition to production by Carl Zeiss, the Tessar name and design (under license) was used in the production of numerous lenses by Bausch & Lomb (Rochester), Ross (London) and Krauss (Paris). Carl Zeiss opened a factory in Mill Hill, London, in 1909 producing binoculars and later some large format Tessar lenses, marked Carl Zeiss (London). With the outbreak of WWI the company was controlled by the British Government and continued manufacture until being sold to Ross in June 1917, subsequent lenses were marked Ross Tessar.
The Tessar design has been widely copied by nearly all major optics companies. By 2002, Carl Zeiss, Inc. had produced over five million Tessar lenses, and they estimated the total number of Tessar formula lenses at more than 150 million.[5]
A very partial list includes:
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| ||
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- Agfa Solinar / Color-Solinar
- Asahi/Pentax Macro-Takumar 50mm f/4
- Bausch & Lomb Tessar (under license)
- Canon 50mm FL f/3.5, 38mm FLP, 50mm f/2.8 and f/3.5(RF), 35mm f/3.5(RF)
- Carl Zeiss Jena Tessar
- Carl Zeiss (London) Tessar
- Carl Zeiss (West Germany) Opton Tessar, Tessar
- Chinon Autoflex 50mm f/2.8
- Dallmeyer Dalmac, Perfac, Serrac
- Ernemann Ernon
- FED/KMZ Industar
- Ilex Paragon
- Kodak Anastigmat, Ektar (some are Plasmats or Dialytes)
- Konica Macro-Hexanon AR 55 mm f/3.5
- Krauss-Zeiss Tessar (under license)
- Leitz Elmar
- Mamiya Press lenses - 100mm f/3.5, 127mm f/4.7, 150mm f/5.6
- Meyer Primotar
- Minolta Rokkor TLR
- Minox Minoxar
- Nikon 45mm GN Nikkor, El-Nikkor 50mm f/4
- Olympus in many of their compact cameras including the Trip 35 (40mm f/2.8) and mju series.
- Osaka Commercial (Large Format)
- Plaubel Anticomar
- Rodenstock Ysar, Rogonar
- Ross Tessar (under license) Clapham Common factory
- Ross (Mill Hill) Tessar - produced in the former Carl Zeiss (London) factory.
- Schneider Xenar, Comparon
- Steinheil Cassar
- Taylor & Hobson Apotal, Ental
- Voigtlander Heliostigmat, Skopar
- Wollensak Velostigmat, Raptar
- Yamasaki Congo Commercial (large Format)
- Yashica Yashinon TLR, Yashica T AF
Notes
- ↑ Kingslake, Rudolph, A History of the Photographic Lens, Academic Press, (1989). "It is certain that the Tessar was not a modified Cooke Triplet, as the series of steps followed by Dr. Paul Rudolph in going from the Anastigmat to the Tessar are well established, but for some of the later designs it is not always clear whether they should be regarded as modified Tessars or modified Triplets."
- ↑ US Patent 721240, Photographic Objective, filed July 1902 and granted February 1903 to Paul Rudolph and the Carl Zeiss company; describing an f/5.5 Tessar design; at Espacenet, the patent search facility of the European Patent Office. The patent cites two earlier patents: US Patent 444714, Photographic Objective, filed April 1890 and granted January 1891 to Rudolph and the Carl Zeiss company, describing several lenses made up as two cemented groups of two or three glass elements (one of these designs was commercially produced as the Zeiss Anastigmat); and US Patent 660202, Photographic Objective, filed January 1900 and granted October 1900 to Rudolph and the Carl Zeiss company, describing several designs using air-spaced glass elements (one of the diagrams includes a cemented pair). One of these designs, with four elements, was produced as the Unar; see Greenleaf (cited below), p70-1 and 82-4.
- ↑ Austrian Patent 13124, Sphärisch, chromatisch und astigmatisch korrigiertes Objektiv (spherically-, chromatically- and astigmatically-corrected lens), filed June 1902 and granted March 1903 to the Karl (sic) Zeiss company of Jena, describing an f/5.5 Tessar design, at Espacenet; also US Patent 721240, cited above, which is the English-language equivalent. The database at Espacenet does not appear to have the German patent.
- ↑ Greenleaf, Allen R. (1950) Photographic Optics, Macmillan, New York, p77-82.
- ↑ Innovation – The Magazine from Carl Zeiss", Issue 11, Carl Zeiss, Inc.
