Elmoflex

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297168524_8e17160587_m.jpg
Elmoflex VI-M. Picture by itsathird. (Image rights)
Japanese 6×6 TLR
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The Elmoflex (エルモフレックス) is a series of Japanese 6×6cm TLR cameras, made by Elmo from 1942 to 1956.

General description

All the Elmoflex have the same general configuration and body casting. The front plate is moved back and forth for focusing, and is driven by a knob on the photographer's right. The film advance automatically stops at each exposure. The advance knob is on the same side as the focus knob, and there is a round exposure counter window at the top of the side plate. The auto-stop mechanism is engaged by a sliding button between the two knobs, and is unlocked after each exposure by pressing the middle part of the advance knob.

The L-shaped back is hinged at the top, and there are two film flanges on the camera's left side. There are short black-painted strap attachments on each side, whose shape was unchanged throughout the camera's production.

Early models

Wartime introduction

The Elmo company claims that the Elmoflex was introduced in 1938.[1] However no original document has been found to confirm this early release date. The camera is notably not mentioned in the official list of set prices compiled in October 1940 and published in January 1941.[2]

Conversely, the earliest[3] document showing the camera is an advertisement in the Japanese magazine Shashin Bunka, dated October 1942.[4] The motto is "Birth of an all new TLR" (二眼レフの最新鋭機誕生), and the document states that "the Elmoflex, awaited by the photographers, is coming" (写真人待望のエルモフレックス出来):[5] these are strong indications that the camera was actually released that year. The advertisement was placed by the distributor Fukada Shōkai. It mentions an f/3.5 lens and slow speeds to 1s, and gives the price of ¥292.

The Elmoflex was intermittently advertised in the same magazine until September 1943.[3] The February 1943 advertisement, again by Fukada, specifies that the camera has a K.O.L. Anastigmat 75/3.5 lens and an Elmo shutter (1–200, self-timer),[6] at an unchanged price.

The government inquiry on Japanese camera production, compiled in April 1943, mentions the Elmoflex with a K.O.L. Elmo 75/3.5 three-element lens and an Orient A shutter by Tōyō Kōki Seizō (1–200, T, B, self-timer).[7] The Elmo shutter was perhaps a rebadged version of the latter.

Immediate postwar period

The production of the Elmoflex restarted immediately after the war, in 1946.[8] It is said that the "Elmoflex I" was priced at ¥10,710 in September 1947. At least one recent source reports various models released in the second half of the 1940s: the "Elmoflex Junior IA and IS" in 1948, and the "IA, IS, II and IIIB" in 1949.[9] Other than the IIIB described below, details of these models are unknown. No original document has been found for the period, and the chronology is unconfirmed. It may be that these models were produced for export only, explaining why these do not appear in Japanese magazines.

Actual examples

Common features

The Elmoflex III-B and all subsequent models received the Seikosha-Rapid shutter. Conversely, the examples found with lesser shutter specifications surely correspond to earlier models.

The viewing hood of the early cameras contains a magnifying lens hinged to the rear and a mirror behind the front part, which can be slanted at 45 degrees for eye-level focusing. The image projected through the eyepiece is reverted upside-down and left-right, and this viewing method is quite inconvenient.

Underneath the camera, the back latch is the same as on early Rolleicord models. There is a red window on its left, protected by a sliding cover, to set the position of the first exposure.

First nameplate

The oldest cameras observed so far have the first nameplate design, inscribed ELMOFLEX in block letters and MADE IN NIPPON ELMO COMPANY underneath, with a winged ELMO logo in the middle. Two variants of this nameplate are known: one has the ELMOFLEX in heavy block letters, surrounded by the two attachment screws, the other has the same marking in thinner letters, with the two screws under "E" and "X".

These examples either have a K.O.L. Elmo Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 or a Tomioka Lausar 7.5cm f/3.5 taking lens. Various sources, mostly based on Sugiyama's book, say that the "Elmoflex I", dated 1943, has K.O.L. lenses whereas the "Elmoflex Junior", dated 1947, has Lausar lenses.[10] No original document has been found yet to confirm this. The exposure table attached to the camera's back is certainly a reliable distinguishing feature between wartime and postwar models: those examples with a table in Japanese language were certainly made during the war, and those with a table in English language were certainly assembled after 1945.

The K.O.L. taking lens is normally paired with an identical viewing lens. At least one camera, pictured in McKeown with K.O.L. lenses and heavy ELMOFLEX marking, has an unnamed shutter with 200–1, T, B speeds and a self-timer. The speed scale and aperture scale (to f/25) are directly inscribed on the black shutter plate, which has a winged ELMO marking at the bottom; the rotating rim is thin and has no name. This might correspond to the Orient A or "Elmo" shutter mentioned in the 1943 documents. Another similar camera is pictured in Neco's Collection, but lacks the shutter plate and speed rim.[11]

Another example with K.O.L. lenses, pictured in Sugiyama as a wartime camera, has the thin ELMOFLEX marking and an NKS shutter (B, 1–200), with no self-timer.[12] The outer rim is engraved NKS TOKYO, and the black front plate has the same winged ELMO marking and an aperture scale to f/16 on the side.

Examples with a Lausar taking lens have a similar NKS shutter (with NKS TOKYO), and exist with either variant of the first nameplate design.[13] At least one has an exposure table in English language, surely indicating postwar manufacture.[14]

Second nameplate

3636342755_070521b14a_m_d.jpg 3636342387_62b4f9440d_m_d.jpg 3637158038_6a3289aa83_m_d.jpg
Early Elmoflex, second nameplate design, NKS shutter, Tomioka Lausar 7.5cm f/3.5 taking lens no.2220xx, f/3 viewing lens. Pictures courtesy of eBayer 4dogsracing. (Image rights)
3630734610_67f8356c67_m_d.jpg
Early Elmoflex, second nameplate design, NKS shutter, Takatiho Zuiko 7.5cm f/3.5 lens. Picture courtesy of Pacific Rim Camera. (Image rights)

More recent cameras have the second nameplate design, inscribed ELMOFLEX in block letters, with the screws under the "E" and "X" letters, and ELMO COMPANY below, surrounded by a pattern of bars and tildes. A few have the same Lausar 7.5cm f/3.5 lens, sometimes with a similar viewing lens[15] and sometimes with a different f/3 viewing lens, perhaps made by Tomioka too.[16] The shutter is an NKS, sometimes marked NKS TOKYO.

Other cameras with the second nameplate have a Zuiko 7.5cm f/3.5 taking lens, inscribed Takatiho Tokyo on the rim. The viewing lens is an Elmo Elzer (or Elzar) Anastigmat 7.5cm f/2.9. The shutter is an NKS (B, 1–200), normally without the TOKYO marking, sometimes equipped with a self-timer. Some cameras from that period, such as that pictured on the right, have the front standard in plain metal instead of black finish. At about the same time, the small latch retaining the viewing hood on earlier cameras was replaced by a more robust sliding bar.

Elmoflex III

All the later Elmoflex models have a four-element Olympus Zuiko 7.5cm f/3.5 taking lens and a Seikosha-Rapid shutter giving B, 1–500 speeds.

Elmoflex III-B

The first model of the next series is the Elmoflex III-B — there is no record of a plain "Elmoflex III". It was announced in the June 1950 issue of Ars Camera, where it was apparently mentioned as "for export only".[17] This model is still very close to the earlier cameras. There is no release button on the front plate, and the shutter is cocked and tripped by a dual-function lever at the bottom.

The Elmoflex III-B pictured in Sugiyama has the second nameplate design.[18] It has an Olympus Zuiko Coated 7.5cm f/3.5 taking lens, and its viewing lens is an Olympus Viewer 7.5cm f/3.5 — certainly a cheaper three-element design.

Elmoflex III-C

The Elmoflex III-C mainly differs by the addition of a body release at the bottom of the front standard, tripped by the photographer's left hand fingers. It is said that the focusing mechanism was made smoother too.[19] The new model was announced in the November 1950 issue of Kohga Gekkan, and also appears in the January 1951 issue of Photo Art, where the price is given as ¥29,500.

The example pictured in Sugiyama has an ELMO logo on the viewing hood and has the third nameplate design: the Elmoflex name is written in fancy rounded letters, with ELMO COMPANY in thin block letters underneath, surrounded by three small stars on each side.[20] Its taking lens is an Olympus Zuiko C. 7.5cm f/3.5, and its viewing lens is the same Olympus Viewer as on the III-B.

Elmoflex III-D

The Elmoflex III-D has an additional flash synch socket on the front standard, opposite the release button, replacing the small depression for a cable release head found on earlier cameras.

The new model was advertised in Japanese magazines from March 1951.[21] Early cameras have the same nameplate as the III-C, notably visible in the advertisement in Asahi Camera April 1951.[22] They have an Olympus Zuiko C. taking lens (with red C.) and an Olympus Viewer viewing lens; the serial numbers of the pair are usually close together. The first examples have a plain front standard, with no decorative pattern around the lenses; one of these has a pair of lenses in the 83xxx range.[23] Slightly later cameras have a black striated pattern around the viewing lens, which would stay on all subsequent models until the III-F; one of these has a pair of lenses in the 101xxx range[24] and another in the 102xxx range.[25]

The definitive nameplate design was adopted in Summer 1951.[26] It has stepped sides and an ELMOFLEX name in relief, with the letters "E" and "X" joined by a line under the rest of the name. The new style notably appears in the advertisement in Asahi Camera October 1951.[27] Some examples still have the Olympus Zuiko C. and Olympus Viewer combination,[28] while others have a pair of Olympus Zuiko F.C.[29]

Elmoflex III-E

Elmoflex III-F

2856506195_15b8c2ff9d.jpg
Elmoflex III-F. Picture by Elmo Alves. (Image rights)

Elmoflex V and VI

297168524_8e17160587_d.jpg
Elmoflex VI-M. Picture by itsathird. (Image rights)

Notes

  1. ↑ Elmo official chronology in Japanese, and in English (pdf format).
  2. ↑ "Kokusan shashinki no kōtei kakaku".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.334.
  4. ↑ Advertisement reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.60.
  5. ↑ The original document actually has non standard graphical variants for 出来.
  6. ↑ Advertisement reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.80.
  7. ↑ "Kokusan shashinki no genjōchōsa" ("Inquiry into Japanese cameras"), item 116, lens item Lb29, shutter item 18-P-23.
  8. ↑ Lewis, p.60.
  9. ↑ Lewis, pp.63 and 67.
  10. ↑ Sugiyama, items 2006 and 2098; McKeown, p.263 (though the camera pictured as an "Elmoflex Junior" has K.O.L. lenses); this page and this page at Neco's Collection.
  11. ↑ Example pictured in this page, this page and this page at Neco's Collection.
  12. ↑ Example pictured in Sugiyama, item 2006.
  13. ↑ Heavy ELMOFLEX marking: example pictured in Sugiyama, item 2098. Thin ELMOFLEX marking: example pictured in this page and this page at Neco's Collection.
  14. ↑ Picture in this page at Neco's Collection.
  15. ↑ Example pictured in this page at www.tlr-cameras.com.
  16. ↑ Example observed in an online auction.
  17. ↑ Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.347.
  18. ↑ Example pictured in Sugiyama, item 2099.
  19. ↑ Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.347.
  20. ↑ Example pictured in Sugiyama, item 2100.
  21. ↑ Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.347.
  22. ↑ Advertisement reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.122.
  23. ↑ Example observed in an online auction.
  24. ↑ Example pictured in Watakushi no ni-gan-refu kamera-ten, p.27.
  25. ↑ Example pictured in this page at TLR Milestone.
  26. ↑ Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.347, says that the first document showing the new nameplate is the advertisement in Asahi Camera August 1951.
  27. ↑ Advertisement reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p.122.
  28. ↑ Example pictured in Sugiyama, item 2101, and example observed in an online auction.
  29. ↑ Example pictured in this page at Neco's Collection, and examples observed in online auctions.

Bibliography

Original documents

  • "Kokusan shashinki no genjōchōsa" (国産写真機ノ現状調査, Inquiry into Japanese cameras), listing Japanese camera production as of April 1943. Reproduced in Supuringu kamera de ikou: Zen 69 kishu no shōkai to tsukaikata (スプリングカメラでいこう: 全69機種の紹介と使い方, Let's try spring cameras: Presentation and use of 69 machines). Tokyo: Shashinkogyo Syuppan-sha, 2004. ISBN 4-87956-072-3. Pp.180–7. Item 116.
  • "Kokusan shashinki no kōtei kakaku" (国産写真機の公定価格, Set prices of the Japanese cameras), listing Japanese camera production as of October 25, 1940 and setting the retail prices from December 10, 1940. Published in Asahi Camera January 1941 and reproduced in Shōwa 10—40nen kōkoku ni miru kokusan kamera no rekishi (昭和10〜40年広告にみる国産カメラの歴史, Japanese camera history as seen in advertisements, 1935—1965). Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1994. ISBN 4-02-330312-7. Pp.108—9. The Elmoflex does not appear in this document.
  • Nihon Camera special issue Kamera Nenkan 1951-nenban (カメラ年鑑1951年版, Camera annual, 1951 edition). October 1950. P.7.
  • Photo Art December 1949. "Ōru kokusan kamera" (オール国産カメラ, All of Japanese cameras). P.41.
  • Photo Art no.20, January 1951. "Kokusan kamera no kentō" (国産カメラの検討, Inquiry on Japanese cameras). Pp.36–40.
  • Sakaki Yoshinobu (榊由信), of the Elmo company. "Erumofurekkusu" (エルモフレックス, Elmoflex). In Shashin Kōgyō no.12, May 1953. Pp.244–5.
  • Shashin Kōgyō. Advertisements by Elmo-sha:
    • no.1, June 1952, p.4;
    • no.2, July 1952, p.8;
    • no.3, August 1952, p.5;
    • no.4, September 1952, p.49.
  • Shashin Kōgyō no.28, September 1954. "Erumofurekkusu V-gata" (エルモフレックスV型, Elmoflex V). P.179.
  • Shashin Kōgyō no.31, January 1955. "Kokusan kamera sōran" (日本のカメラ全貌・二眼レフカメラ・スプリングカメラ, Panorama of Japanese cameras). P.62.

Recent sources

  • Asahi Camera (アサヒカメラ) editorial staff. Shōwa 10–40nen kōkoku ni miru kokusan kamera no rekishi (昭和10–40年広告にみる国産カメラの歴史, Japanese camera history as seen in advertisements, 1935–1965). Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1994. ISBN 4-02-330312-7. Items 29, 411–7 and 1134. (See also the advertisement for item 156.)
  • Lewis, Gordon, ed. The History of the Japanese Camera. Rochester, N.Y.: George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography & Film, 1991. ISBN 0-935398-17-1 (paper), 0-935398-16-3 (hard). Pp.60, 62–3, 67, 71, 80, 82 and 87.
  • McKeown, James M. and Joan C. McKeown's Price Guide to Antique and Classic Cameras, 12th Edition, 2005-2006. USA, Centennial Photo Service, 2004. ISBN 0-931838-40-1 (hardcover). ISBN 0-931838-41-X (softcover). P.263.
  • Sugiyama, Kōichi (杉山浩一); Naoi, Hiroaki (直井浩明); Bullock, John R. The Collector's Guide to Japanese Cameras. 国産カメラ図鑑 (Kokusan kamera zukan). Tokyo: Asahi Sonorama, 1985. ISBN 4-257-03187-5. Items 2006 and 2098–104.
  • Watakushi no ni-gan-refu kamera-ten (私の二眼レフカメラ展, Exhibition of twin lens reflex cameras). Tokyo: JCII Camera Museum, 1992. (Exhibition catalogue, no ISBN number.) P.27.

Links

In English:

In Japanese:

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