Difference between revisions of "Ruvinal"

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''See also the [[Ruvinalflex]] 6×6 TLR.''
 
''See also the [[Ruvinalflex]] 6×6 TLR.''
  
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The '''Ruvinal''' (ルビナル) is a Japanese dual-format 6&times;6 and 4.5&times;6 folding camera, made between about 1950 and 1955. It is attributed to [[Shōei|Shōei Kōgaku or Shōei Sangyō]].<REF> Shōei Kōgaku: {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. Shōei Sangyō: McKeown, p.&nbsp;891, ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113, and Lewis, p.&nbsp;73. </REF> The camera was first distributed by Maki Shōji, the new name of the prewar distributor Eikōdō. The distributor was named [[Eikōdō]] again in 1953.
+
The '''Ruvinal''' (ルビナル) is a Japanese dual-format 6&times;6 and 4.5&times;6 folding camera, made between about 1950 and 1955. It is attributed to [[Shōei|Shōei Kōgaku or Shōei Sangyō]].<REF> Shōei Kōgaku: {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. Shōei Sangyō: {{McKeown}}, p.&nbsp;891, ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113, and Lewis, p.&nbsp;73. {{Sugiyama}}, items 1414&ndash;5, says "Shoei Manufacturing Co." </REF> The camera was first distributed by Maki Shōji, the new name of the prewar distributor Eikōdō. The distributor was named [[Eikōdō]] again in 1953.
  
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== Origins and description ==
+
== Origin and description ==
−
The Ruvinal is a continuation of the wartime [[National and Ugein|dual-format Ugein]], released in 1943. The horizontal folding body, with folding struts inspired from the [[Balda]] folders and a back hinged to the left, is inherited from the [[National and Ugein|National folders]], predecessors of the Ugein. There is a top housing covering all the top plate, containing the finder in the middle and supporting the advance knob on the left end. It seems that the only change from the Ugein is the addition of a swinging mask in the viewfinder for 4.5&times;6 pictures, actioned by a small button on the top.
+
The Ruvinal is a continuation of the wartime [[National and Ugein|dual-format Ugein]], released in 1943. The horizontal folding body, with folding struts inspired from the [[Balda]] folders and a back hinged to the left, is inherited from the [[National and Ugein|National folders]], predecessors of the Ugein. There is a top housing covering all the top plate, containing the finder in the middle, this top housing is the same as on the Ugein. The body release is on the right, the accessory shoe and folding bed release are to the left of the viewfinder. The advance knob is at the left end and is bigger than on the Ugein. It has an arrow to indicate the winding direction and three letters engraved, perhaps reading ''R.O.M.'' There is a swinging mask in the viewfinder for 4.5&times;6 pictures, actioned by a small button on the top, absent on the Ugein.
  
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The back has two red windows, with horizontally sliding covers and ''16 EX'' and ''12 EX'' indications embossed in the leather. Near the bottom, the back leather is also embossed ''RUVINAL 120''.
+
The back has two round red windows, protected by horizontally sliding covers, slightly different from the Ugein. There are ''16 EX'' and ''12 EX'' indications embossed in the leather on the left of the windows. The name ''RUVINAL 120'' is also embossed the back leather under the red windows. It is said that the camera can take [[120 film|120 and 620 film]].<REF> {{McKeown}}, p.&nbsp;891. </REF>
  
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The top plate is engraved ''RUVINAL MOD. III''. The camera was never advertised as such, but it is certainly for this reason that some sources mention a '''Ruvinal 120''' or a '''Ruvinal III'''.<REF> For example {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373, mentioning a model called "Ruvinal III" featured in the new products column of the December 1951 issue of ''Asahi Camera'', that is certainly the Ruvinal A. </REF> Some sources mention a Model I and a Model II, but no confirmation has been found yet.<REF> A dealer reported a Ruvinal I for sale along with various examples of the Ruvinal III. McKeown, p.&nbsp;891, mentions a Ruvinal II and a Ruvinal III. </REF>
+
== Advertisements and other documents ==
 +
Some sources say that the Ruvinal was released in 1950.<REF> ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113, and Lewis, p.&nbsp;73. </REF> A camera called '''Ugein Six''' (ユーゲンシックス) was featured in the December 1949 issue of the Japanese magazine ''[[Camera Art]]'', with a Wester 75/3.5 lens and T, B, 1&ndash;200 speeds.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;371. </REF> This was probably the name originally intended for the Ruvinal.
  
−
The ''MOD. III'' engraving seems to be inherited from the [[National and Ugein|National Six III and Ugein III]] prewar ancestors, and the company probably felt that it added to the value of the camera. This went to the point that it added a ''MODEL III'' engraving to the [[Ruvinal Flex]] TLR on the occasion of a minimal change, again with no Model II.
+
The earliest advertisement found in Japanese magazines is in the November 1951 issue of ''[[Asahi Camera]]''.<REF> Advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;209. It is the earliest advertisement listed in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. </REF> The camera is simply called '''Ruvinal''' and has a coated 80/3.5 lens and a synchronized [[NKK|NKK Wester]] shutter, giving B, 1&ndash;200 speeds with a self-timer.
  
−
== Evolution ==
+
The camera was featured in the December 1951 issue of ''[[Asahi Camera]]'' as the '''Ruvinal III'''.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. </REF> Advertisements dated December 1951 and later have a '''Ruvinal A''' with 1&ndash;200 speeds and a '''Ruvinal B''' with 10&ndash;200 speeds.<REF> Date: {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. Lewis, p.&nbsp;83, says that the "Ruvinal Six A and B" were introduced in 1953, but it is probably a mistake. </REF> Both have a 80/3.5 lens, a self-timer and flash synchronization.
−
It is said that the Ruvinal was released in 1950.<REF> ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113, and Lewis, p.&nbsp;73. </REF> A camera called '''Ugein Six''' (ユーゲンシックス) was featured in the December 1949 issue of the Japanese magazine ''[[Camera Art]]'', with a Wester 75/3.5 lens and T, B, 1&ndash;200 speeds.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;371. </REF> It was probably the name that was first proposed for the Ruvinal.
 
  
−
The earliest advertisement mentioned is in the November 1951 issue of ''Asahi Camera''.<REF> Advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;209. </REF> The camera is simply called '''Ruvinal''' and has a coated 80/3.5 lens and a synchronized [[NKK]] shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer).
+
In advertisements dating May and November 1953 and September 1954, the specifications are the same and the pictures show a R.V.L. shutter.<REF> Advertisements published in ''[[Asahi Camera]]'', reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, pp.&nbsp;209&ndash;10. See also the advertisement dated 1954 reproduced in [http://blog.livedoor.jp/united3arrows/archives/17843208.html this page at Shashin-Bako]. </REF>
  
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This variant was renamed '''Ruvinal A''' the following month, while a '''Ruvinal B''' was introduced with the same characteristics except a low speed of 1/10. In April 1953, the shutter name appearing in the advertising pictures became ''R.V.L.'', with identical specifications.<REF> Dates: {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. Lewis, p.&nbsp;83, says that the "Ruvinal Six A and B" were introduced in 1953, but it is probably a mistake. Various advertisements showing the R.V.L. shutter are reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, pp.&nbsp;209&ndash;10, and in [http://blog.livedoor.jp/united3arrows/archives/cat_911880.html#17843208 this page] of the [http://blog.livedoor.jp/united3arrows/ Shashin-Bako website]. </REF>
+
== Actual examples ==
 +
One example is pictured in {{McKeown}} as a '''Ruvikon 120'''. It has a Wester Anastigmat lens and an NKK Wester shutter of an early type, giving T, B, 1&ndash;200 speeds with no flash synchronization.<REF> {{McKeown}}, p.&nbsp;891. </REF> This version probably predates the Ruvinal.
  
−
{{McKeown}} also reports and pictures a '''Ruvikon 120''', that looks identical to the Ruvinal A. It is probably an engraving variant.<REF> McKeown, p.&nbsp;891. </REF>
+
On the early examples of the Ruvinal, the name ''RUVINAL'' is engraved above the viewfinder together with the serial number. The following lens and shutter combinations are known:
 +
* C Wester Anastigmat 7.5cm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Examples observed in online auctions. </REF>
 +
* Ruvinal Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example pictured in ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113. </REF>
 +
* Ruvinal Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5, [[NKS]] shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, two-pin synch);<REF> Example offered for sale by a dealer, the lens name Ruvinal is reported only. The example pictured as a "Ruvinal III" in {{McKeown}}, p.&nbsp;891, looks the same, with an [[NKS]] shutter and a similar lens bezel, and seems to have the early engraving type with the serial number. </REF>
 +
* Ruviner 7.5cm f/3.5, Lotus shutter (reported only).<REF> Example offered for sale by a dealer, reported as a "Ruvinal I". </REF>
 +
 
 +
On the later examples, the top plate is engraved ''RUVINAL MOD. III'', even if it seems that the camera was never advertised as the Ruvinal III. ({{McKeown}} mentions a Ruvinal II but its existence is unconfirmed.)<REF> {{McKeown}}, p.&nbsp;891. </REF> No other change is visible: the company probably felt that the name "MOD. III" added to the value of the camera. It is probably for a similar reason that a ''MODEL III'' engraving was added to the [[Ruvinalflex]] TLR on the occasion of a minimal change, again with no model II.
  
−
The following lens and shutter combinations are known:
+
The following lens and shutter combinations are known for the Ruvinal III:
 
* C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, R.V.L. shutter (200&ndash;1, B, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction. </REF>
 
* C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, R.V.L. shutter (200&ndash;1, B, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction. </REF>
 +
* C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, Model-III shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example pictured in {{Sugiyama}}, item 1415. </REF>
 
* C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, Model-B shutter (B, 10&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example sold in an eBay auction. </REF>
 
* C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, Model-B shutter (B, 10&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example sold in an eBay auction. </REF>
−
* C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, no-name shutter (self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example pictured in [http://blog.mokozakka.com/?eid=224710 this page] of the [http://blog.mokozakka.com/ Mokomoko Nikki blog]. </REF>
+
* C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, no-name shutter (200&ndash;1, B, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example observed in an online auction, and example pictured in [http://blog.mokozakka.com/?eid=224710 this page of the Mokomoko Nikki blog]. </REF>
−
* Ruvinal Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example pictured in ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113. </REF>
+
* Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Carl Mer-A shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example pictured in a website, currently offline. </REF>
−
* Ruvinal Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, [[NKS]] shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, two-pin synch);<REF> Example for sale at a dealer. </REF>
+
* Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Model-A shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example pictured in {{Sugiyama}}, item 1414. </REF>
−
* Seriter Anastigmat, Model-B shutter (B, 10&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction. </REF>
+
* C Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Model-A shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example offered for sale by a dealer, the shutter name is reported only. </REF>
−
* C Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Model-A shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example for sale at a dealer. </REF>
+
* Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Model-B shutter (B, 10&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction. </REF>
−
* C. Wester NKK 7.5cm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch);<REF> Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction and example for sale at a dealer. </REF>
+
* C. Wester NKK 7.5cm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, one-pin synch).<REF> Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction and example offered for sale by a dealer. </REF>
−
* Wester Anastigmat 75/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1&ndash;200, self-timer, no synch visible), on an example reported as a Ruvikon.<REF> Example pictured in McKeown, p.&nbsp;891, as a "Ruvikon 120". </REF>
 
−
 
 
−
The Ruvinal A and B were advertised at least until 1954, but it seems likely that it was still sold in 1955.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. </REF>
 
  
 
== Rangefinder version ==
 
== Rangefinder version ==
−
An uncoupled rangefinder version with lever advance, called '''Ruvinal R''', was featured in the news column of the November 1955 issue of ''Sankei Camera''.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. </REF> Another source mentions the 1955 uncoupled rangefinder version but calls it "R.L.L. II" (perhaps after the shutter's name).<REF> ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113. </REF> No picture has been observed yet and it is unknown if this camera was effectively sold.
+
An uncoupled rangefinder version with lever advance, called '''Ruvinal R''', was featured in the news column of the November 1955 issue of ''[[Sankei Camera]]''.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;373. </REF> Another source mentions the 1955 uncoupled rangefinder version but calls it "R.L.L. II".<REF> ''Supuringu kamera de ikou'', p.&nbsp;113. </REF> No picture has been observed yet and it is unknown if this camera was effectively sold.
  
 
Records have been found of a past eBay auction for a '''Ruvinal IV''' with uncoupled rangefinder, lever advance, Pentagor 80/3.5 lens and TKS shutter (B, 1&ndash;200), but no picture has yet been observed.
 
Records have been found of a past eBay auction for a '''Ruvinal IV''' with uncoupled rangefinder, lever advance, Pentagor 80/3.5 lens and TKS shutter (B, 1&ndash;200), but no picture has yet been observed.

Revision as of 19:33, 12 June 2007

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Japanese 6×6 TLR, pseudo TLR and medium format SLR ->
Japanese Semi (4.5×6) and older 6×9 ->

See also the Ruvinalflex 6×6 TLR.

The Ruvinal (ルビナル) is a Japanese dual-format 6×6 and 4.5×6 folding camera, made between about 1950 and 1955. It is attributed to Shōei Kōgaku or Shōei Sangyō.[1] The camera was first distributed by Maki Shōji, the new name of the prewar distributor Eikōdō. The distributor was named Eikōdō again in 1953.

Origin and description

The Ruvinal is a continuation of the wartime dual-format Ugein, released in 1943. The horizontal folding body, with folding struts inspired from the Balda folders and a back hinged to the left, is inherited from the National folders, predecessors of the Ugein. There is a top housing covering all the top plate, containing the finder in the middle, this top housing is the same as on the Ugein. The body release is on the right, the accessory shoe and folding bed release are to the left of the viewfinder. The advance knob is at the left end and is bigger than on the Ugein. It has an arrow to indicate the winding direction and three letters engraved, perhaps reading R.O.M. There is a swinging mask in the viewfinder for 4.5×6 pictures, actioned by a small button on the top, absent on the Ugein.

The back has two round red windows, protected by horizontally sliding covers, slightly different from the Ugein. There are 16 EX and 12 EX indications embossed in the leather on the left of the windows. The name RUVINAL 120 is also embossed the back leather under the red windows. It is said that the camera can take 120 and 620 film.[2]

Advertisements and other documents

Some sources say that the Ruvinal was released in 1950.[3] A camera called Ugein Six (ユーゲンシックス) was featured in the December 1949 issue of the Japanese magazine Camera Art, with a Wester 75/3.5 lens and T, B, 1–200 speeds.[4] This was probably the name originally intended for the Ruvinal.

The earliest advertisement found in Japanese magazines is in the November 1951 issue of Asahi Camera.[5] The camera is simply called Ruvinal and has a coated 80/3.5 lens and a synchronized NKK Wester shutter, giving B, 1–200 speeds with a self-timer.

The camera was featured in the December 1951 issue of Asahi Camera as the Ruvinal III.[6] Advertisements dated December 1951 and later have a Ruvinal A with 1–200 speeds and a Ruvinal B with 10–200 speeds.[7] Both have a 80/3.5 lens, a self-timer and flash synchronization.

In advertisements dating May and November 1953 and September 1954, the specifications are the same and the pictures show a R.V.L. shutter.[8]

Actual examples

One example is pictured in McKeown as a Ruvikon 120. It has a Wester Anastigmat lens and an NKK Wester shutter of an early type, giving T, B, 1–200 speeds with no flash synchronization.[9] This version probably predates the Ruvinal.

On the early examples of the Ruvinal, the name RUVINAL is engraved above the viewfinder together with the serial number. The following lens and shutter combinations are known:

  • C Wester Anastigmat 7.5cm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[10]
  • Ruvinal Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[11]
  • Ruvinal Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5, NKS shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, two-pin synch);[12]
  • Ruviner 7.5cm f/3.5, Lotus shutter (reported only).[13]

On the later examples, the top plate is engraved RUVINAL MOD. III, even if it seems that the camera was never advertised as the Ruvinal III. (McKeown mentions a Ruvinal II but its existence is unconfirmed.)[14] No other change is visible: the company probably felt that the name "MOD. III" added to the value of the camera. It is probably for a similar reason that a MODEL III engraving was added to the Ruvinalflex TLR on the occasion of a minimal change, again with no model II.

The following lens and shutter combinations are known for the Ruvinal III:

  • C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, R.V.L. shutter (200–1, B, self-timer, one-pin synch);[15]
  • C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, Model-III shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[16]
  • C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, Model-B shutter (B, 10–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[17]
  • C Pentagor Anastigmat 80mm f/3.5 lens, no-name shutter (200–1, B, self-timer, one-pin synch);[18]
  • Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Carl Mer-A shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[19]
  • Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Model-A shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[20]
  • C Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Model-A shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[21]
  • Seriter Anastigmat 75mm f/3.5 lens, Model-B shutter (B, 10–200, self-timer, one-pin synch);[22]
  • C. Wester NKK 7.5cm f/3.5 lens, N.K.K. Wester shutter (B, 1–200, self-timer, one-pin synch).[23]

Rangefinder version

An uncoupled rangefinder version with lever advance, called Ruvinal R, was featured in the news column of the November 1955 issue of Sankei Camera.[24] Another source mentions the 1955 uncoupled rangefinder version but calls it "R.L.L. II".[25] No picture has been observed yet and it is unknown if this camera was effectively sold.

Records have been found of a past eBay auction for a Ruvinal IV with uncoupled rangefinder, lever advance, Pentagor 80/3.5 lens and TKS shutter (B, 1–200), but no picture has yet been observed.

Notes

  1. ↑ Shōei Kōgaku: Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 373. Shōei Sangyō: McKeown, p. 891, Supuringu kamera de ikou, p. 113, and Lewis, p. 73. Sugiyama, items 1414–5, says "Shoei Manufacturing Co."
  2. ↑ McKeown, p. 891.
  3. ↑ Supuringu kamera de ikou, p. 113, and Lewis, p. 73.
  4. ↑ Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 371.
  5. ↑ Advertisement reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 209. It is the earliest advertisement listed in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 373.
  6. ↑ Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 373.
  7. ↑ Date: Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 373. Lewis, p. 83, says that the "Ruvinal Six A and B" were introduced in 1953, but it is probably a mistake.
  8. ↑ Advertisements published in Asahi Camera, reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, pp. 209–10. See also the advertisement dated 1954 reproduced in this page at Shashin-Bako.
  9. ↑ McKeown, p. 891.
  10. ↑ Examples observed in online auctions.
  11. ↑ Example pictured in Supuringu kamera de ikou, p. 113.
  12. ↑ Example offered for sale by a dealer, the lens name Ruvinal is reported only. The example pictured as a "Ruvinal III" in McKeown, p. 891, looks the same, with an NKS shutter and a similar lens bezel, and seems to have the early engraving type with the serial number.
  13. ↑ Example offered for sale by a dealer, reported as a "Ruvinal I".
  14. ↑ McKeown, p. 891.
  15. ↑ Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction.
  16. ↑ Example pictured in Sugiyama, item 1415.
  17. ↑ Example sold in an eBay auction.
  18. ↑ Example observed in an online auction, and example pictured in this page of the Mokomoko Nikki blog.
  19. ↑ Example pictured in a website, currently offline.
  20. ↑ Example pictured in Sugiyama, item 1414.
  21. ↑ Example offered for sale by a dealer, the shutter name is reported only.
  22. ↑ Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction.
  23. ↑ Example sold in a Yahoo Japan auction and example offered for sale by a dealer.
  24. ↑ Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 373.
  25. ↑ Supuringu kamera de ikou, p. 113.

Bibliography

  • Asahi Camera (アサヒカメラ) editorial staff. Shōwa 10–40nen kōkoku ni miru kokusan kamera no rekishi (昭和10–40年広告にみる国産カメラの歴史, Japanese camera history as seen in advertisements, 1935–1965). Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1994. ISBN 4-02-330312-7. Items 974 and 1022–4. (See also the advertisements for items 1025–7.)
  • Kawamata Masataku (川又正卓). Ruvinal 120. In Supuringu kamera de ikou: Zen 69 kishu no shōkai to tsukaikata (スプリングカメラでいこう: 全69機種の紹介と使い方, Let's try spring cameras: The use of and actual examples from 69 machines). Tokyo: Shashinkogyo Syuppan-sha, 2004. ISBN 4-87956-072-3. P. 113.
  • Lewis, Gordon, ed. The History of the Japanese Camera. Rochester, N.Y.: George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography & Film, 1991. ISBN 0-935398-17-1 (paper), 0-935398-16-3 (hard). Pp. 73 and 83 (brief mentions only).
  • McKeown, James M. and Joan C. McKeown's Price Guide to Antique and Classic Cameras, 12th Edition, 2005-2006. USA, Centennial Photo Service, 2004. ISBN 0-931838-40-1 (hardcover). ISBN 0-931838-41-X (softcover). P. 891.
  • Sugiyama, Kōichi (杉山浩一); Naoi, Hiroaki (直井浩明); Bullock, John R. The Collector's Guide to Japanese Cameras. 国産カメラ図鑑 (Kokusan kamera zukan). Tokyo: Asahi Sonorama, 1985. ISBN 4-257-03187-5. Items 1414–5.

Links

In Japanese:

Retrieved from "http://camera-wiki.org/index.php?title=Ruvinal&oldid=63815"