Difference between revisions of "Auto Keef"

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The Auto Keef has a rigid body and a telescopic tube supporting the lens and shutter assembly. This telescopic tube is mounted on a focusing helical, coupled to the rangefinder by a pinion. The range- and viewfinder is combined in a single eyepiece and is contained under a top housing. The square viewfinder window is in the middle. The camera has auto-stop film advance, a necessary feature because the paper backing of [[127 film]] is not marked for 4×4cm exposures.
 
The Auto Keef has a rigid body and a telescopic tube supporting the lens and shutter assembly. This telescopic tube is mounted on a focusing helical, coupled to the rangefinder by a pinion. The range- and viewfinder is combined in a single eyepiece and is contained under a top housing. The square viewfinder window is in the middle. The camera has auto-stop film advance, a necessary feature because the paper backing of [[127 film]] is not marked for 4×4cm exposures.
  
== First model ==
+
== Early documents and prototype model ==
The camera was already mentioned in the list of set prices compiled in October 1940 and published in January 1941, under the names "Keef I" (&yen;77) and "Keef II" (&yen;125), with no further details.<REF> {{Kakaku1940_short}}, type 1, sections 7 and 10. </REF>
+
The official list of set prices compiled in October 1940 and published in January 1941, already has a "Keef I" (&yen;77) and "Keef II" (&yen;125).<REF> {{Kakaku1940_short}}, type 1, sections 7 and 10. </REF> They are listed among 3&times;4 and 4&times;4 cameras but no further detail is given; they might correspond to the Auto Keef but it is unconfirmed.
  
The '''first model''' is only known from an advertisement dated September 1941 reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, perhaps depicting a prototype.<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Asahi Camera]],'' reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;65. </REF> The advance knob is on the right and the round rangefinder window is on the left (as seen by the photographer holding the camera). It seems that the name ''KEEF'' is engraved above the rangefinder. There is no accessory shoe and the position of the exposure counter is unclear. The rangefinder coupling pinion is on the right (same convention) and it is apparent and not hidden under a housing.
+
The Auto Keef was advertised from June 1941 in ''[[Asahi Camera]]''.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;335. </REF> The September advertisement says that the camera would be "available soon" (近日発売) and has a picture of what is certainly a '''prototype model'''.<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Asahi Camera]],'' reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;65. </REF> The advance knob is on the right and the round rangefinder window is on the left (as seen by the photographer holding the camera). It seems that the name ''KEEF'' is engraved above the rangefinder. There is no accessory shoe and the position of the exposure counter is unclear. The rangefinder coupling pinion is on the right (same convention) and it is apparent and not hidden under a housing.
  
 
The release button is placed atop a large housing protruding on the right (same convention) of the shutter casing. The lens offered in the advertisement is a [[Kajiro Kōgaku|K.O.L.]] Keef 60/2.8 and the shutter gives 1&ndash;500 pictures. The advertisement wears the name of the maker and the name of the distributor [[Kazenderu|Kazenderu Shōkai]].
 
The release button is placed atop a large housing protruding on the right (same convention) of the shutter casing. The lens offered in the advertisement is a [[Kajiro Kōgaku|K.O.L.]] Keef 60/2.8 and the shutter gives 1&ndash;500 pictures. The advertisement wears the name of the maker and the name of the distributor [[Kazenderu|Kazenderu Shōkai]].
  
== Second model ==
+
== Description of the production model ===
=== Distinguishing features ===
+
The '''production model''' has a reversed configuration: the advance knob is on the left and the rangefinder window is on the right. There is an accessory shoe on the left of the viewfinder and the exposure counter window is at the right end of the top housing. There is a sliding button behind on the right, probably used to reset the exposure counter, and another button behind the accessory shoe, probably used to unlock film advance. The name ''Auto KEEF'' is engraved above the range- and viewfinder. The rangefinder coupling mechanism is protected under a tortuous plate but there are variations in the cover of the coupling pinion (see below).
The '''second model''' has a reversed configuration: the advance knob is on the left and the rangefinder window is on the right. There is an accessory shoe on the left of the viewfinder and the exposure counter window is at the right end of the top housing. There is a sliding button behind on the right, probably used to reset the exposure counter, and another button behind the accessory shoe, probably used to unlock film advance. The name ''Auto KEEF'' is engraved above the range- and viewfinder. The rangefinder coupling mechanism is protected under a tortuous plate but there are variations in the cover of the coupling pinion (see below).
 
  
It seems that the back is removable together with the bottom plate for film loading. It contains a single uncovered red window to set the position for the first exposure. (These features of the back are probably shared by the first model as well.)
+
It seems that the back is removable together with the bottom plate for film loading. It contains a single uncovered red window to set the position for the first exposure. (These features of the back were probably already there on the prototype model.)
  
 
The shutter release is mounted on a small casing attached to the shutter assembly. This casing also sports the same ''KEEF'' logo. This casing moves together with the shutter when the telescopic tube is extended and this is not a real body release, even if it was advertised as thus.
 
The shutter release is mounted on a small casing attached to the shutter assembly. This casing also sports the same ''KEEF'' logo. This casing moves together with the shutter when the telescopic tube is extended and this is not a real body release, even if it was advertised as thus.
  
=== Wartime advertising ===
+
== Wartime advertising ==
An advertisement dated February 1942<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Asahi Camera]],'' visible in [http://xylocopal2.exblog.jp/5177408 this page of Xylocopal's photolog]. </REF> perhaps pictures a prototype or an early production example: it seems that the cover of the coupling pinion supports a rotating distance scale, with an index next to it, and the shutter plate is plain silver. No actual example has been observed in that configuration. Two versions were offered: the '''Auto Keef I''' with a [[Kajiro Kōgaku|K.O.L.]] Keef 60/3.5 lens and 1&ndash;200 shutter speeds for {{yen|222|1942}}, and the '''Auto Keef II.'''
+
The camera pictured in the October 1941 advertisement in ''[[Asahi Camera]]''<REF> Advertisement reproduced in Nakamura, p.&nbsp;32 of {{CCN}} no.&nbsp;171. </REF> is very similar to the production model. It is perhaps a late prototype or an early production example: it seems that the cover of the coupling pinion supports a rotating distance scale, with an index next to it, and the shutter plate is plain silver. No actual example has been observed in that configuration. The camera is again mentioned as "available soon", and no price is given. Two versions are listed:
 +
* '''Auto Keef I''', [[Kajiro Kōgaku|K.O.L.]] Keef 60/3.5 lens, 1&ndash;200 speeds;
 +
* '''Auto Keef II''', [[Kajiro Kōgaku|K.O.L.]] Keef 60/2.8 lens, 1&ndash;500 speeds.
 +
The names of two distributors are mentioned: [[Kazenderu|Kazenderu Shōkai]] and [[Hattori|Hattori Tokei-ten]].
  
Advertisements dated September 1942, January and March 1943<REF> September 1942 and January 1943: [http://syasinsyuu.cool.ne.jp/camera/syasinki20.jpg advertisements] published in ''[[Asahi Graph]],'' reproduced in the [http://kyoto.cool.ne.jp/syasinsyuu/index.htm Gochamaze website]. March 1943: advertisement published in ''[[Hōdō Shashin]],'' reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;65. </REF> offered the camera in two versions:
+
A similar picture appears in an advertisement dated February 1942,<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Asahi Camera]],'' visible in [http://xylocopal2.exblog.jp/5177408 this page of Xylocopal's photolog]. </REF> where the Auto Keef I was priced at {{yen|222|1942}}.
* '''Auto Keef I''', [[Kajiro Kōgaku|K.O.L.]] Keef 60/3.5 lens, 1&ndash;200 speeds, {{yen|223|1942}};
 
* '''Auto Keef II''', K.O.L. Keef 60/2.8 lens, 1&ndash;500 speeds, {{yen|264|1942}}.
 
The price was quite hefty, the Auto Keef II costing nearly as much as the [[Auto Semi Minolta]]. In the pictures, the coupling pinion cover has the ''KEEF'' logo engraved and a ''PAT. P.'' marking (for "Patents Pending") under the rangefinder window, a configuration similar to all the examples actually observed. The shutter plate is marked ''KOKU SAKU'' at the top and probably ''KEEF'' at the bottom, but it is unsure which variant is illustrated. In all these advertisements, the names of two distributors are mentioned: [[Kazenderu|Kazenderu Shōkai]] and [[Hattori|Hattori Tokei-ten]].
 
  
The Auto Keef was mentioned in the {{Inquiry1943_short}}, listing Japanese camera production as of April 1943.<REF> {{Inquiry1943_short}}, item 148. </REF> It was listed as made by [[Kokusaku|Tōa Kokusaku Seikō]] and distributed by [[Kazenderu]], and the shutter was said to give T, B, 1&ndash;300 speeds.
+
Advertisements dated September 1942, January and March 1943<REF> September 1942 and January 1943: [http://syasinsyuu.cool.ne.jp/camera/syasinki20.jpg advertisements] published in ''[[Asahi Graph]],'' reproduced in the [http://kyoto.cool.ne.jp/syasinsyuu/index.htm Gochamaze website]. March 1943: advertisement published in ''[[Hōdō Shashin]],'' reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;65. </REF> offered the Auto Keef I for {{yen|223|1942}} and the Auto Keef II for {{yen|264|1942}}. The price was quite hefty, the Auto Keef II costing nearly as much as the [[Auto Semi Minolta]]. In the pictures, the coupling pinion cover has the ''KEEF'' logo engraved and a ''PAT. P.'' marking (for "Patents Pending") under the rangefinder window; all the examples actually observed have a similar configuration. The shutter plate is marked ''KOKU SAKU'' at the top and probably ''KEEF'' at the bottom, but it is unsure which version is illustrated. All these advertisements mention the same two distributors Kazenderu and Hattori.
  
An advertisement by [[Sanwa Shōkai]] dated November-December 1944 offered the model I only, priced at {{yen|307|1944}}.<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Shashin Kagaku]]'', reproduced in Awano, p.&nbsp;10 of {{CCN}} no.&nbsp;274. </REF> The camera was advertised at least until February 1945, a very late date. (The maker was probably a state-owned factory and it was maybe not submitted to the same restrictions as other companies.)
+
The Auto Keef is mentioned in the April 1943 government inquiry.<REF> {{Inquiry1943_short}}, item 148. </REF> This document says that the camera was made by [[Kokusaku|Tōa Kokusaku Seikō]] and distributed by [[Kazenderu]]. The lens is the three-element K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 and the shutter is said to give T, B, 1&ndash;300 speeds.
  
=== Postwar period ===
+
An advertisement by [[Sanwa Shōkai]] dated November&ndash;December 1944 offered the model I only, priced at {{yen|307|1944}} with the K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 lens and T, B, 1&ndash;200 speeds.<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Shashin Kagaku]]'', reproduced in Awano, p.&nbsp;10 of {{CCN}} no.&nbsp;274. </REF> The camera was advertised at least until February 1945, a very late date. (The maker was probably a state-owned factory and it was maybe not submitted to the same restrictions as other companies.)
The Auto Keef was advertised again in 1946 and 1947, with the K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 lens and a Kokusaku shutter giving T, B, 1&ndash;300 speeds.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;350. </REF> An advertisement dated February 1946 only shows the company name [[Sanwa|Sanwa Shōkai]].<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Ars Camera]],'' reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;132 and in Awano, p.&nbsp;4 of {{CCN}} no.&nbsp;275. </REF> This company was probably selling remaining stocks, and it is very unlikely that the Auto Keef was manufactured at that date.
 
  
=== Actual examples ===
+
== Postwar period ==
All the actual examples observed correspond to the late version of the second model. Some examples have the K.O.L. Keef 6cm f/3.5 and a shutter giving 300&ndash;1, B, T speeds.<REF> An example is pictured both in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;14 and in Lewis, p.&nbsp;58, and another is pictured in Sugiyama, item 3025. A similar one has also been observed for sale at a Japanese dealer. </REF> This corresponds to the features reported by {{Kokusan}} for the camera advertised after the war and is probably a late evolution of the Auto Keef I.
+
The Auto Keef was advertised again in 1946 and 1947, reportedly with the K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 lens and a Kokusaku shutter giving T, B, 1&ndash;300 speeds.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;350. </REF> An advertisement dated February 1946 only shows the company name [[Sanwa|Sanwa Shōkai]].<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Ars Camera]],'' reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;132 and in Awano, p.&nbsp;4 of {{CCN}} no.&nbsp;275. </REF> This company was probably selling remaining stocks, and it is very unlikely that the Auto Keef was manufactured at that date.
  
Other reported lens and shutter combinations are as follows:
+
== Variations in actual examples ==
 +
Some examples of the Auto Keef have the K.O.L. Keef 6cm f/3.5 and a shutter giving 300&ndash;1, B, T speeds.<REF> An example is pictured both in {{Kokusan}}, p.&nbsp;14 and in Lewis, p.&nbsp;58, and another is pictured in {{Sugiyama}}, item 3025. A similar one has also been observed for sale at a Japanese dealer. </REF> Other reported lens and shutter combinations are as follows:
 
* reported lens: Toko 50/3.5 by [[Tōkyō Kōgaku]], reported shutter: Keef II, observed speeds: T, B, 1&ndash;250<REF> [http://www.leski.com.au/catalogues/a191/2.htm Charles Leski Auction no.&nbsp;191], lot 140. Reported body no.&nbsp;2961, reported lens no.&nbsp;52679. The focal length seems dubious. </REF>
 
* reported lens: Toko 50/3.5 by [[Tōkyō Kōgaku]], reported shutter: Keef II, observed speeds: T, B, 1&ndash;250<REF> [http://www.leski.com.au/catalogues/a191/2.htm Charles Leski Auction no.&nbsp;191], lot 140. Reported body no.&nbsp;2961, reported lens no.&nbsp;52679. The focal length seems dubious. </REF>
* reported lens: Toko 50/3.5 by [[Tōkyō Kōgaku]], reported shutter: Keef Koku-Saku<REF> [http://www.leski.com.au/catalogues/a191/2.htm Charles Leski Auction no.&nbsp;249], lot 21 and [http://www.leski.com.au/catalogues/a249/CCAMS.php Auction no.&nbsp;270], lot 9. Reported body no.&nbsp;2234, reported lens no.&nbsp;51828. </REF>
+
* reported lens: Toko 60/3.5 by [[Tōkyō Kōgaku]], reported shutter: Keef Koku-Saku<REF> [http://www.leski.com.au/catalogues/a249/CCAMS.php Charles Leski Auction no.&nbsp;249], lot 21 and [http://www.leski.com.au/catalogues/a270/CCAMS.php Auction no.&nbsp;270], lot 9. Reported body no.&nbsp;2234, reported lens no.&nbsp;51828. </REF>
  
 
== Notes ==
 
== Notes ==
Line 55: Line 54:
 
* {{Kakaku1940}} Type 1, sections 7 and 10.
 
* {{Kakaku1940}} Type 1, sections 7 and 10.
 
* {{Lewis}} Pp.&nbsp;57&ndash;8.
 
* {{Lewis}} Pp.&nbsp;57&ndash;8.
 +
* Nakamura Kin (中村欽). "Hanseiki-mae no kugatsu ni ha..." (半世紀前の九月には..., Half a century ago...). In {{CCN}} no.&nbsp;171 (September 1991). Nishinomiya: Camera Collectors News-sha. P.&nbsp;32.
 
* {{Zukan}} Item 3025.
 
* {{Zukan}} Item 3025.
  

Revision as of 00:06, 14 July 2007

Japanese Baby (3×4) and Four (4×4) (edit)
folding
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4×4 Adler Four | Rosen Four
rigid or collapsible
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3.5×4 Kenko 35
4×4 Alma Four | Andes Four | Anny 44 | Arsen | Balnet Four | Bonny Four | Freude | Kalimar 44 | Auto Keef | Kraft | Letix | Mykey-4 | Olympic Four | Roico | Royal Senior | Seica | Terra Junior | Vero Four | Welmy 44 | Yashica Future 127
unknown
Baby First | Baby Lyra Flex
Japanese SLR, TLR, pseudo TLR and stereo models ->
Japanese 4×5 and 4×6.5, 4.5×6, 6×6 and 6×9 ->

The Auto Keef (オートキーフ) is a Japanese coupled-rangefinder camera taking 4×4cm pictures on 127 film. It was made from late 1940 or early 1941 by Kokusaku Seikō and was advertised until 1945 and again in 1946–7.

See also the Semi Keef.

General description

The Auto Keef has a rigid body and a telescopic tube supporting the lens and shutter assembly. This telescopic tube is mounted on a focusing helical, coupled to the rangefinder by a pinion. The range- and viewfinder is combined in a single eyepiece and is contained under a top housing. The square viewfinder window is in the middle. The camera has auto-stop film advance, a necessary feature because the paper backing of 127 film is not marked for 4×4cm exposures.

Early documents and prototype model

The official list of set prices compiled in October 1940 and published in January 1941, already has a "Keef I" (¥77) and "Keef II" (¥125).[1] They are listed among 3×4 and 4×4 cameras but no further detail is given; they might correspond to the Auto Keef but it is unconfirmed.

The Auto Keef was advertised from June 1941 in Asahi Camera.[2] The September advertisement says that the camera would be "available soon" (近日発売) and has a picture of what is certainly a prototype model.[3] The advance knob is on the right and the round rangefinder window is on the left (as seen by the photographer holding the camera). It seems that the name KEEF is engraved above the rangefinder. There is no accessory shoe and the position of the exposure counter is unclear. The rangefinder coupling pinion is on the right (same convention) and it is apparent and not hidden under a housing.

The release button is placed atop a large housing protruding on the right (same convention) of the shutter casing. The lens offered in the advertisement is a K.O.L. Keef 60/2.8 and the shutter gives 1–500 pictures. The advertisement wears the name of the maker and the name of the distributor Kazenderu Shōkai.

Description of the production model =

The production model has a reversed configuration: the advance knob is on the left and the rangefinder window is on the right. There is an accessory shoe on the left of the viewfinder and the exposure counter window is at the right end of the top housing. There is a sliding button behind on the right, probably used to reset the exposure counter, and another button behind the accessory shoe, probably used to unlock film advance. The name Auto KEEF is engraved above the range- and viewfinder. The rangefinder coupling mechanism is protected under a tortuous plate but there are variations in the cover of the coupling pinion (see below).

It seems that the back is removable together with the bottom plate for film loading. It contains a single uncovered red window to set the position for the first exposure. (These features of the back were probably already there on the prototype model.)

The shutter release is mounted on a small casing attached to the shutter assembly. This casing also sports the same KEEF logo. This casing moves together with the shutter when the telescopic tube is extended and this is not a real body release, even if it was advertised as thus.

Wartime advertising

The camera pictured in the October 1941 advertisement in Asahi Camera[4] is very similar to the production model. It is perhaps a late prototype or an early production example: it seems that the cover of the coupling pinion supports a rotating distance scale, with an index next to it, and the shutter plate is plain silver. No actual example has been observed in that configuration. The camera is again mentioned as "available soon", and no price is given. Two versions are listed:

  • Auto Keef I, K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 lens, 1–200 speeds;
  • Auto Keef II, K.O.L. Keef 60/2.8 lens, 1–500 speeds.

The names of two distributors are mentioned: Kazenderu Shōkai and Hattori Tokei-ten.

A similar picture appears in an advertisement dated February 1942,[5] where the Auto Keef I was priced at ¥222.

Advertisements dated September 1942, January and March 1943[6] offered the Auto Keef I for ¥223 and the Auto Keef II for ¥264. The price was quite hefty, the Auto Keef II costing nearly as much as the Auto Semi Minolta. In the pictures, the coupling pinion cover has the KEEF logo engraved and a PAT. P. marking (for "Patents Pending") under the rangefinder window; all the examples actually observed have a similar configuration. The shutter plate is marked KOKU SAKU at the top and probably KEEF at the bottom, but it is unsure which version is illustrated. All these advertisements mention the same two distributors Kazenderu and Hattori.

The Auto Keef is mentioned in the April 1943 government inquiry.[7] This document says that the camera was made by Tōa Kokusaku Seikō and distributed by Kazenderu. The lens is the three-element K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 and the shutter is said to give T, B, 1–300 speeds.

An advertisement by Sanwa Shōkai dated November–December 1944 offered the model I only, priced at ¥307 with the K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 lens and T, B, 1–200 speeds.[8] The camera was advertised at least until February 1945, a very late date. (The maker was probably a state-owned factory and it was maybe not submitted to the same restrictions as other companies.)

Postwar period

The Auto Keef was advertised again in 1946 and 1947, reportedly with the K.O.L. Keef 60/3.5 lens and a Kokusaku shutter giving T, B, 1–300 speeds.[9] An advertisement dated February 1946 only shows the company name Sanwa Shōkai.[10] This company was probably selling remaining stocks, and it is very unlikely that the Auto Keef was manufactured at that date.

Variations in actual examples

Some examples of the Auto Keef have the K.O.L. Keef 6cm f/3.5 and a shutter giving 300–1, B, T speeds.[11] Other reported lens and shutter combinations are as follows:

  • reported lens: Toko 50/3.5 by Tōkyō Kōgaku, reported shutter: Keef II, observed speeds: T, B, 1–250[12]
  • reported lens: Toko 60/3.5 by Tōkyō Kōgaku, reported shutter: Keef Koku-Saku[13]

Notes

  1. Template:Kakaku1940 short, type 1, sections 7 and 10.
  2. Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 335.
  3. Advertisement published in Asahi Camera, reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 65.
  4. Advertisement reproduced in Nakamura, p. 32 of Camera Collectors' News no. 171.
  5. Advertisement published in Asahi Camera, visible in this page of Xylocopal's photolog.
  6. September 1942 and January 1943: advertisements published in Asahi Graph, reproduced in the Gochamaze website. March 1943: advertisement published in Hōdō Shashin, reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 65.
  7. "Kokusan shashinki no genjōchōsa" ("Inquiry into Japanese cameras"), item 148.
  8. Advertisement published in Shashin Kagaku, reproduced in Awano, p. 10 of Camera Collectors' News no. 274.
  9. Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 350.
  10. Advertisement published in Ars Camera, reproduced in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 132 and in Awano, p. 4 of Camera Collectors' News no. 275.
  11. An example is pictured both in Kokusan kamera no rekishi, p. 14 and in Lewis, p. 58, and another is pictured in Sugiyama, item 3025. A similar one has also been observed for sale at a Japanese dealer.
  12. Charles Leski Auction no. 191, lot 140. Reported body no. 2961, reported lens no. 52679. The focal length seems dubious.
  13. Charles Leski Auction no. 249, lot 21 and Auction no. 270, lot 9. Reported body no. 2234, reported lens no. 51828.

Bibliography

  • Asahi Camera (アサヒカメラ) editorial staff. Shōwa 10–40nen kōkoku ni miru kokusan kamera no rekishi (昭和10–40年広告にみる国産カメラの歴史, Japanese camera history as seen in advertisements, 1935–1965). Tokyo: Asahi Shinbunsha, 1994. ISBN 4-02-330312-7. Items 56 and 470. (See also the picture on p. 14.)
  • Awano Mikio (粟野幹男). "Maikuro kamera (senzenhen)" [マイクロカメラ(戦前編), Mycro cameras (prewar compilation)]. In Camera Collectors' News no. 274 (April 2000). Nishinomiya: Camera Collectors News-sha. Pp. 1–10.
  • Awano Mikio (粟野幹男). "Maikuro sengohen 1" [マイクロ戦後編1, Mycro postwar compilation, 1]. In Camera Collectors' News no. 275 (May 2000). Nishinomiya: Camera Collectors News-sha. Pp. 1–7.
  • The Japanese Historical Camera. 日本の歴史的カメラ (Nihon no rekishiteki kamera). 2nd ed. Tokyo: JCII Camera Museum, 2004. P. 40.
  • "Kokusan shashinki no genjōchōsa" (国産写真機ノ現状調査, Inquiry into Japanese cameras), listing Japanese camera production as of April 1943. Reproduced in Supuringu kamera de ikou: Zen 69 kishu no shōkai to tsukaikata (スプリングカメラでいこう: 全69機種の紹介と使い方, Let's try spring cameras: Presentation and use of 69 machines). Tokyo: Shashinkogyo Syuppan-sha, 2004. ISBN 4-87956-072-3. Pp.180–7. Item 148.
  • Template:Kakaku1940 Type 1, sections 7 and 10.
  • Lewis, Gordon, ed. The History of the Japanese Camera. Rochester, N.Y.: George Eastman House, International Museum of Photography & Film, 1991. ISBN 0-935398-17-1 (paper), 0-935398-16-3 (hard). Pp. 57–8.
  • Nakamura Kin (中村欽). "Hanseiki-mae no kugatsu ni ha..." (半世紀前の九月には..., Half a century ago...). In Camera Collectors' News no. 171 (September 1991). Nishinomiya: Camera Collectors News-sha. P. 32.
  • Sugiyama, Kōichi (杉山浩一); Naoi, Hiroaki (直井浩明); Bullock, John R. The Collector's Guide to Japanese Cameras. 国産カメラ図鑑 (Kokusan kamera zukan). Tokyo: Asahi Sonorama, 1985. ISBN 4-257-03187-5. Item 3025.

Links

In English:

In Japanese: