Difference between revisions of "User:Heritagefutures/WorkSpace3"

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=Missile Stuff=
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==Helios 44 ==
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| image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/20429889789/in/pool-camerawiki
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|image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/689/20429889789_0e5c0242f4_n.jpg
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|image_align = right
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|image_text= Lens schematic of the Helios-44 f/2 58mm
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|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
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|image_rights= with permission
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}}
  
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[[Helios]]-44 (Гелиос-44) is a series of standard lenses for SLR cameras, produced from 1949? until 1992 (2001?) in the Soviet Union by [[KMZ]], [[MMZ]], and by [[Valdai]]. The Helios-44 is it is considered to be one of most mass-produced lenses in the world. The lens is based on the [[Carl Zeiss]]  Biotar f/2 58mm design.<ref>At the beginning the lens was to be called "БТК" - "БиоТар Красногорский" (BioTar Krasnogorski).</ref> The Helios-44 f/2 58mm is a  6-element anastigmat, which over the duration of its production  was available in both single-coated and multi-coated versions. Helios-44 is has a strong aberration at the margins, resulting in a characteristic 'swirl' which is reminiscent of [[Petzval]] lenses.
  
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==Missile Cameras==
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The nomenclature of all bar the first (silver-cased) Helios lenses follows the formula 'Helios-44X-N', where X -is the index of lens mount (M for [[M42]] thread, K for [[K mount | Pentax K]] bayonet, Д for [[Zenit]]-D bayonet) and N is a optical resolution index 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (the higher number the higher is an optical resolution of lens).
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Cameras played a major role in documenting the experiments and testing carried out the early days of guided weapons development. A suite of specialised cameras were developed in the mid- to late 1950s by various U.S. manufacturers, by Soviet camera makers and by the Royal Aircraft Establishment in the UK.  
 
  
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In Australia, the [[WRE | Weapons Research Establishment]] (South Australia) designed such cameras as part of the  Anglo-Australian Joint Project (1946 to 1980) which focussed on  guided weapons and missile development. The research focussed on  a missile's behaviour in flight relying on observation and  general telemetry data. While the latter would be displayed on an cathode-ray oscilloscope in real time, they needed  recording to allow for detailed analysis. Film was a suitable medium to record such transitory analog data. To this end, high-speed cine cameras were developed which capable of 100 frames/second and more. While recorded data would be viewed as segments of motion film many were analysed on a frame-by-frame basis.
 
  
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In principle, cameras were developed for  four different applications: ground-based cameras for observation and the recording of the telemetry, and airborne cameras, either borne by the missile or carried by the target.
 
  
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===Ground based cameras===
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====Technical Specifications====
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====Missile behaviour====
 
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**Telemetry recording
 
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Recording of moving Oscillograph data occurred principally with the [[GW cameras | GW 3]] camera. Such cameras also existed in the civilian arena (such as the [[Cossor 1428]]).<ref>The [[Fairchild F-296]] is an example of camera used to record stable oscillograph data where a single image sufficed for the purposes  documentation.</ref>
 
  
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===Airborne cameras===
 
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====Missile-borne cameras====
 
  
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====Target Aircraft Cameras====
 
  
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===Notes===
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Focal Distance: 58mm (may vary in reality).<br>
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<references />
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Aperture Range: ƒ/2 - ƒ/16 (ƒ/22)<br>
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[[Category:Australia]]
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Optical Formula: 6 elements in 4 groups.<br>
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[[Category:Scientific cameras]]
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Angle of View: 40°28<br>
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[[Category:Aerial cameras]]
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Geometric Vignetting: 58%
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[[Category:Military cameras]]
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{{br}}
 
{{br}}
  
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The arrangement of the focussing helicoid as well as the aperture selector ring differs between models. In the table below, the arrow &#8592; indicates the direction the aperture control ring needs to be turned to increase the ƒ-stops.
  
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{{WIP}}
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{| border="1" cellpadding="4" style="margin: 0.5em 2em; text-align: center; border-collapse: collapse;" |
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{|class=plainlinks style="text-align: left;"
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! <br><br>Model || <br><br>Maker || Lens <br> Mount || <br><br>Weight || Number of <br>Aperture <br>Blades || Minimum <br>Focusing <br>Distance || <br>Maximum <br>Aperture ||<br> Filter <br>Diameter || Resolution <br> center/edge <br> lines/mm || <br>Trans-<br>mittance || <br>Color <br>Formula || <br>Sequence<br> (from lens face) || <br><br>References
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|bgcolor="#A9F5F2" width=1200px |'''FEEL FREE TO LOOK, BUT PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH...'''
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|-
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| Helios-44 (Start) || [[KMZ]] || [[Start (SLR) | Start]] || 230g || 13 || 0.7m || ƒ/16 || M40.5x0.5|| 35/14 || .81 || 10-0-1.5|| focus, ƒ&#8592; ||
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|-
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| Helios-44 || [[KMZ]] || [[ LTM]] || 230g || 13 || 0.5m || ƒ/22 <br> ƒ/16 || M49.5x0.75 || 35/14 || || || ƒ&#8594; , DoF, focus||<ref> For photo series see discussion thread [https://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/19959251503/ for this image]</ref>
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|-
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| || [[KMZ]] || [[ Arri PL]] || 230g || 13 || 0.5m || ƒ/22 <br> ƒ/16 || M49.5x0.75 || || || ||ƒ&#8594; , DoF, focus ||
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|-
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| || [[KMZ]] || [[ LTM]] || 230g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/22 <br> ƒ/16 || M49.5x0.75 || || || ||ƒ&#8594; , DoF, focus ||
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|-
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| || [[MMZ]] || [[LTM]] || ¶g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || M49x0.75|| || || ||ƒ&#8594; , focus ||<ref>Seen on eBay sn/6012651, English labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'.</ref>
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|-
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| Helios-44-2 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 230g || 13 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || M49x0.75 || 38/20 || 0.82 || 10-0-1.5 || ƒ&#8594; , focus|| <ref> Manufactured from 1971 by [[KMZ]] and [[MMZ]], in 1974 production moved to Jupiter Optics [[Valdai]], in 1982/83 production moved back to to [[MMZ]]</ref>
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|-
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| Helios-44-7 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 350g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || M49x0.75 || 36/17 || 0.80 || 10-0-1.5 || ||
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|-
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| Helios-44-M || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || ¶g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || || || || focus, ƒ&#8594; ||
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|-
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| Helios-44M-3 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 300g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || 38/19 || 0.80 || 10-0-1.5 || ƒ&#8594; , focus||
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|-
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| Helios-44M-4 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 300g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || 38/19 || 0.80 || 10-0-1.5 || focus, ƒ&#8594; ||
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|-
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| Helios-44-N || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || ¶g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || || || || ||
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|-
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| Helios-44X-N || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || ¶g || 6 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || M52x0.75 || || || || ||
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|-
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| MC Helios-44K-4 ||[[KMZ]] || [[K-mount | Pentax K]] || 300g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || 42/21 || 0.85 || 11-0-0 || focus, ƒ&#8594; ||
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|-
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| MC Helios-44M-3 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 300g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || || 0.85 || 11-0-0 || ƒ&#8594; , focus||
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|-
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| MC Helios-44M-4 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 300g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || 41/20 || 0.85 || 11-0-0 || ||
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|-
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| MC Helios-44M-5 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 270g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || 41/20 || 0.85 || 11-0-0 || focus, ƒ&#8594; ||
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|-
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| MC Helios-44M-6 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 270g || 8 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || || 45/25 || 0.90 || 11-0-0 || focus, ƒ&#8594; ||
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|-
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| MC Helios-44M-7 || [[KMZ]] || [[M42]] || 270g || 6 || 0.5m || ƒ/16 || M52x0.75 || 50/30 || 0.90 || 11-0-0 || focus, ƒ&#8594; ||
 
|}
 
|}
  
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==GW cameras==
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====Typology of the silver-barrelled Helios-44 lenses (early versions)====
 
{{Flickr_image
 
{{Flickr_image
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6393008679/in/pool-camerawiki
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/20622183195
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|image= http://farm8.static.flickr.com/7021/6393008679_45d8f101e0_m.jpg
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|image= http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5631/20622183195_3fca4835a3_n.jpg
 
|image_align= right
 
|image_align= right
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|image_text= [[Dekko GW 1]] Mk 1A
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|image_text= Lens schematic of the Helios-44 f/2 58mm
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|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
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|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
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|image_rights= with permission
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|image_rights= with permission
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}}
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}}  
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During the  early period of the Cold War the United Kingdom carried out wide-ranging missile research, partly in collaboration with Australia (under the umbrella of the Anglo-Australian Joint Project, which ran from 1946 to 1980). <ref>For background on the project see Morton, Peter (1989) <i>Fire across the desert. Woomera and the Anglo-Australian Joint Project 1946–1980.</i> Canberra: AGPS.—For general context of UK guided weapons development in the 1950s see Twigge, S.R. (1993) <I>The early development of guided weapons in the United Kingdom, 1940-1960. </i>London: Routledge.—For Woomera see also: Southall, Ivan (1962) Woomera. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.</ref>
 
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The testing of the missiles required a range of sophisticated devices to record and document missile behaviour in flight, approaches to targets and also to record telemetry data that were obtained on the ground. In the days prior to digital data collection this occurred analog, with film being the preferred option.
 
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All cameras carry the type specification GW for <b>G</b>uided <b>W</b>eapons. While technically most of the cameras where high speed cine cameras (100 frames/second), many of them were  used for  frame-by-frame analysis:
 
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* [[Dekko GW 1|GW 1 Target Aircraft Camera]] (Dekko Ltd, 1954)-- a high-speed 35mm cine camera mounted in the target aircraft to record the missile approach angles (and miss distances).
 
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* [[Beck GW 2|GW 2  Target Aircraft Camera]] (Beck, 1955)-- a high-speed 35mm cine camera mounted in the target aircraft to record the missile approach angles (and miss distances).
 
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* GW 3 Continuous Record Camera (Cinetra Ltd, 1958). The GW3 was a high-speed 35mm cine camera developed to record cathode ray oscillograph images at various speeds.<ref> The camera was jointly developed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment  and Cinetra Ltd. It took 200ft rolls of daylight loadable 35mm cine film. The design had a geared advance that allowed for recording speeds of 1 inch/sec  to 128 inches/sec. The camera came with three interchangeable lenses (1 ¼", 2" and 3") all with f/1.9. A time marker unit was also fitted.-- For details and specifications, see: Brooks, J.H. (1958) Type GW 3 continuous record camera. (UK National Archives AVIA 6/23834).</ref>
 
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* GW 9 Missile Camera (Specto  Ltd, 1960)—A 16mm high-speed cine camera with interchangeable lenses, carried by missiles in flight.<ref> The 16mm camera, running at 100 frames/sec, was designed and built by Specto Ltd, (London. Specto were manufacturers of cine cameras and projectors, operating from 1935 to 1960 ([http://wichm.home.xs4all.nl/cinelisc.html list of manufacturers of vintage cinematographic equipment]). --The GW 9 came with four Specto Ltd. lenses (1/2” f/4; ¾, f/4.5; 1 ½”, f/1.9 and 3’, f4). In addition, it could accept lenses designed for the G.S.A.P. cameras. The camera used a circular disc shutter with two sectors cut out of the rim. At 100 frames/sec the shutter speed was 1/210th. The 50ft of daylight loadable 16mm film allowed for 20 seconds of running time.--For details and specifications, see: Husbands, C.W. (1960) The type GW 9 missile camera. Royal Aircraft Establishment Technical Note TD47, March 1960. London: Royal Aircraft Establishment (Farnborough), Ministry of Aviation (UK National Archives AVIA 6/23847).</ref>
 
  
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In Australia a number of similar cameras were built which carried different designations: WRECISS, [[WREROC]] and [[WRETAR]].
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The early Helios lenses are housed in aluminium barrels. Reputedly, the serial numbers of the early Helios lenses are structured according to the following pattern:<ref>[http://forum.mflenses.com/a-word-about-russian-serial-numbers-t3332.html | A Word about Russian Serial Numbers]</ref><br>
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000xxxx factory test (study) models, prototypes etc..<br>
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00xxxxx models reserved for members of the communist party and other "VIPs" .<br>
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0xxxxxx reserved for factory syndicat leaders.
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All lenses with a '0', '00' and '000' prefix reputedly underwent higher quality control.
  
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Additional variations exist in the representation of the serial number prefixes. Observed have been <b>N</b> and <b>N&#186;</b>, whereby the 'N" appears on some of the earlier models.
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=====Helios 44 (Start)=====
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Mechanically, the Helios lens for the [[Start]] SLR differs from all other Helios-44 lenses inasmuch as the focussing ring is up front and the aperture selector at the rear. Moreover, the lens for the Start lacks the preset function of the other early models. Aperture selection with f-stops increasing in clockwise motion.
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*<b>Type 1</b>— f-stops to f/22; bezel text that spells out '1:2 F=5,8cm' with a Cyrillic P (<font color="red">Π</font>) in red, silver front bezel ring. Released 1958.<ref>Seen on eBay: sn/
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0005085 (with Start body #5904339); 
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0005292 (with Start body #6317417); 
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0014131; 
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0014167 (with Start body #6100790); 
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0016442 </ref>
  
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===Notes===
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*<b>Type 2</b>— f-stops to f/16; bezel text "2/58"  and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by [[KMZ]] <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/
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<references />
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0043802 (with Start body #6388722);
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[[Category:Australia]]
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0051838
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[[Category:Scientific cameras]]
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0052784 (with Start body #6120968);
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[[Category:Oscillograph cameras]]
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0057844 (with Start body #6112545); 
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[[Category:Aerial cameras]]
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0063978 (with Start body #6114645); 
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[[Category:Military cameras]]
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0060810 (with Start body #6114785);
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0069922;
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0075924 (with Start body #6119536); 
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0101830 (with Start body #6315633);
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0121214 (with Start body #6226892);
 +
</ref>
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=====Helios-44  ([[LTM]])=====
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Pre-set prime lens. The fixed lens stops have with audible clicks, while the stop-down ring (to check the depth of field) allows for a smooth contraction of the diaphragm. Aperture selection with f-stops increasing in counter-clockwise motion (differs from the Helios version used on the Start)..
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*<b>Type 1</b>—pre-set lens with f-stops to f/22; bezel text that spells out '1:2 F=5,8cm' with a Cyrillic P (<font color="red">Π</font>) in red, silver front bezel ring, sn 000xxxx–0017xxx. Initially used for the [[KMZ]][[Kristall_(KMZ) | Kristall]] released in 1961 and the [[KMZ]] [[Zenit 3M]].
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*<b>Type 2</b>— pre-set lens with f-stops to f/16
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:''Type 2a''—bezel text that spells out '1:2 F=5,8cm' with a Cyrillic P (<font color="red">Π</font>) in red, and a silver front bezel ring, sn 0016xxx <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/0016709; 0018687, 0023907</ref>
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:''Type 2b''—bezel text "2/58"  and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by [[KMZ]]  
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::Type 2bi— Cyrillic labelling, ring, sn 0073xxx– <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/0068221; 0059418; 0158550; 0275085 </ref>
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::Type 2bii—Latin labelling
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::Type 2biii—Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/0120173 </ref>
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:''Type 2c''—bezel text "2/58"  and  'black' front bezel ring, 13-blade diaphragm produced by [[KMZ]] until the late 1950s, sn –0225xxx
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::Type 2ci— Cyrillic labelling<ref>Seen on eBay: sn/0030453, 0127713</ref>
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::Type 2cii—Latin labelling <ref>Photographica Collection Dirk HR Spennemann sn/0085902; 0205436</ref>
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::Type 2ciii—Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. <ref > Seen on eBay: sn/0120173 </ref>
  
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==WREROC==
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:''Type 2d''—bezel text "2/58"  and  'black' front bezel ring,  8-blade diaphragm, produced by [[KMZ]] until the late 1950s, sn 024447x–
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{{Flickr_image
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::Type 2di—Cyrillc labelling, <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/02887790 </ref>
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6392778101/in/pool-camerawiki
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::Type 2di—Cyrillc labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/0275083</ref>
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|image= http://farm8.static.flickr.com/7161/6392778101_bc4d237c3e.jpg
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::Type 2diIi—Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/0254198, 0275083</ref>
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|image_align= right
 
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|image_text= WREROC Mk II Missile Camera
 
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|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
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|image_rights= with permission
 
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The '''W'''eapons '''R'''esearch '''E'''stablishment '''R'''oll '''O'''rientation '''C'''amera (WREROC) is one of a suite of specialised cameras developed in the mid- to late 1950s the [[WRE | Weapons Research Establishment]] (South Australia) in conjunction with the Anglo-British guided weapons development.  WREROC was developed to record the roll (rotation) of a missile in flight in relation to the horizon. It drew on the Dixon lens developed for [[WRETAR]] cameras.<ref>For an in-depth description, see Spennemann, Dirk HR (2012) History, Description and Technical Details of the WREROC missile cameras. vers. 1.0  {: CAMERA | TOPIA :} ¶¶</ref>
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:''Type 2e''—bezel text "2/58"  and  black front bezel ring, 8-blade diaphragm, produced by [[MMZ]] until the mid 1960s<ref>[[MMZ]] lenses with serial numbers beginning with "N40xxx", "N50xxx" or "N60xxx" were most likely made in 1964, 1965 and 1966 (first number of sn very likely stands for the year of 196x decade).</ref>
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::Type 2ei— Cyrillic labelling, sn 50xxxxx–60xxxxx <ref>Seen on eBay: sn/5011275 ; 5014399; 5038818</ref>
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::Type 2eii— Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR,' sn 50xxxxx–60xxxxx <ref >Seen on eBay: sn/6002494 (on [[Zenit]]3M); 6012651, 6024306.</ref>
  
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===Background===
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=====Helios-44-2 ([[M42]])=====
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One of the major challenges encountered when testing missiles in the 1950s and early 1960s was to determine the amount and angle of roll during the flight. Some missiles intentionally used roll as a part of their stabilisation, while others developed roll during experiments. Ground observations were not always possible or accurate and in-flight telemetry was still in its infancy.
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:<b>Type 1</b>— pre-set lens with bezel text "2/58" and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by [[Valdai]]
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To document the nature and speed of missile roll, WRE developed a unique camera, the WREROC (WRE Roll Orientation Camera). It drew on the ultra wide lens<ref name="Patent">Wide Angle Lens Systems.’ US Patent Filed 23 Dec 1957; Issued 18 Dec 1962. Applicants: Robert P. Bonnell, Jack V. Ramsey and Robert A Dillon, assigned to The Commonwealth of Australia. US Pat. Nº 3068752</ref> also used in WRETAR<ref name="Dixon">Dixon, F.A. (1961) Cameras with Wide Fields of view used in Rocket Research at the Woomera Range, South Australia. In: K.J. Habell (ed.), Proceedings of the Conference on Optical Instruments and Techniques London 1961. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Pp.273-278.</ref> and WRECISS<ref name="Dixon" /><ref>WRECISS—Weapons Research Establishment Camera Interception Single-Shot</ref><ref>‘Midget Camera for Guided Missiles.’ <i>The Photographic Journal</i> vol. 100, 1960, 173.—‘Midget Camera for Guided Missiles.’ <i>Industrial and Commercial Photographer</i> vol. 1, nº 2, 1960 p. 40.—‘Midget Camera for Guided Missiles.’ <i>Aircraft Engineering</i> vol. 32, 1960, p. 119.—‘Midget Camera for Guided Missiles.’ <i>Military Review</i> vol. 40, nº 1, 1960, p. 78.—‘Camera measures missile accuracy.’ <i>Missiles and Rockets</i> vol. 6, 1960, p. 32.—Beharrell, B | Collier, M J (1966) Photogrammetric methods applied to WRECISS computation (Photogrammetric methods applied to calculation of target position and attitude relative to missile). <i>WRE Technical Note</i> TRD-22, 16pp. Salisbury (Australia): Weapons Research Establishment, Dept. of Supply</ref>
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::Type 1a— Cyrillic labelling<ref> Seen on eBay: sn/8708916</ref>
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The camera had to be designed very small and compact to fit into the missile, but also robust enough to withstand ground impact for those occasions where the missile crashed accidentally or where the standard parachute recovery was not used.<ref name="Dixon" />.
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::Type 1b— Latin labelling <ref> Seen on eBay: sn/79220381; 80003408; 81276436; 81293022</ref>
  
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{{Flickr_image
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:<b>Type 2</b>— pre-set lens with bezel text "2/58"  and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by [[MMZ]] <ref> Seen on eBay: sn/7654512.</ref>
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6346763000/in/pool-camerawiki
 
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|image= http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6213/6346763000_429c7a03d0_m.jpg
 
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|image_align= left
 
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|image_text= Lens Diagram of the Dixon Ultra Wide Angle Lens
 
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|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
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|image_rights= with permission
 
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}}
 
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===Description===
 
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The extreme 186&deg; fish-eye angle of the lens was restricted to a narrow slit of 2 mm width. The 35mm film was moved at a constant speed past the slit and was exposed at f/8 with an exposure time of 2 milliseconds. The camera had the capacity of 15 foot roll of colour film, which gave a total exposure time of 3 minutes. A time base was recorded at the film’s edge and three stadia lines were imprinted on the film.<ref name="Dixon" />
 
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While technically a WREROC is a high speed cine camera, the resulting film was not projected as a movie. Rather, the resulting negative is a continual strip that shows the horizon throughout the duration of the flight.
 
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Two cameras were installed in the missile at right angles to the roll axis, pointing in opposite directions. This dual installation provided instrumentation redundancy, but also removed ambiguity in situations where the white glare coming of salt lakes could be confused with the sky just above the horizon.<ref name="Dixon" />  
 
  
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The camera measures 7 x 8  x 5 cm (3 x 3 5/8 x 2 inches) and weighs 1.32kg (2.9 lb) ! It has been milled from a single piece of steel. Access to the internal mechanism (film advance, shutters, electro motor, diodes for time-base), as well as loading the unit with film, is achieved by two solid side plates that are securely bolted down in recessed (flush with the body).
 
  
 
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  |image_text= Frontal View with lens cover
+
  |image_text=  
 
  |image_by=
 
  |image_by=
 
  |image_rights=
 
  |image_rights=
 
  }}
 
  }}
−
  ||
+
  || {{Flickr_image
−
{{Flickr_image
+
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/581/20623213781/in/pool-camerawiki
−
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6392839171/in/pool-camerawiki
+
  |image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/581/20623213781_c08b944446_n.jpg
−
  |image= http://farm8.static.flickr.com/7160/6392839171_c9c6250c22_m.jpg
 
 
  |image_align= center
 
  |image_align= center
−
  |image_text= Side View showing film chamber
+
  |image_text=
 
  |image_by=  
 
  |image_by=  
 
  |image_rights=  
 
  |image_rights=  
 
  }}
 
  }}
−
|-
+
|-
−
  ||
+
|colspan=3 align="center"|
 +
{{Flickr_image_caption
 +
|image_text= [[KMZ]]-produced Helios-44 f/2 58mm for [[Start]] SLR
 +
  |image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 +
|image_rights= with permission
 +
}}
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
{|class=plainlinks align=center
 +
||
 
  {{Flickr_image
 
  {{Flickr_image
−
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/6392826167/in/pool-camerawiki
+
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/20429889789/in/pool-camerawiki
−
  |image= http://farm8.static.flickr.com/7034/6392826167_dc9803a4da_m.jpg
+
  |image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/689/20429889789_0e5c0242f4_n.jpg
 
  |image_align= center
 
  |image_align= center
−
  |image_text= Side View showing heavy duty lid
+
  |image_text=  
−
  |image_by=  
+
  |image_by=
−
  |image_rights=  
+
  |image_rights=
 
  }}
 
  }}
−
||
+
||
 
  {{Flickr_image
 
  {{Flickr_image
−
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6859846543/in/pool-camerawiki
+
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/19994020694/in/pool-camerawiki
−
  |image= http://farm8.static.flickr.com/7167/6392783685_714bd5398c_m.jpg
+
  |image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/695/19994020694_8fcaa82d90_n.jpg
−
  |image_align= top
+
  |image_align= center
−
  |image_text= The lens
+
  |image_text=  
−
  |image_by=  
+
  |image_by=
−
  |image_rights=  
+
  |image_rights=
 
  }}
 
  }}
−
  ||
+
  || {{Flickr_image
−
{{Flickr_image
+
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/581/20623213781/in/pool-camerawiki
−
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6484306501/in/pool-camerawiki
+
  |image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/581/20623213781_c08b944446_n.jpg
−
  |image= http://farm8.static.flickr.com/7007/6484306501_f26387763b_m.jpg
+
  |image_align= center
−
  |image_align= bottom
+
  |image_text=
−
  |image_text= Detail of the lens coating
 
 
  |image_by=  
 
  |image_by=  
 
  |image_rights=  
 
  |image_rights=  
 
  }}
 
  }}
−
|-
+
|-
 
  |colspan=3 align="center"|
 
  |colspan=3 align="center"|
 
{{Flickr_image_caption
 
{{Flickr_image_caption
−
  |image_text= A Weapons Research Establishment Roll Orientation Camera (WREROC)
+
  |image_text= [[KMZ]]-produced Helios-44 f/2 58mm Type 2cii
 
  |image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
  |image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
  |image_rights= with permission
 
  |image_rights= with permission
Line 159: Line 217:
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
===Sample Images===
 
  
−
===Links===
+
{|class=plainlinks align=center
−
*Spennemann, Dirk HR (2012) History, Description and Technical Details of the WREROC missile cameras. vers. 1.0 {: CAMERA | TOPIA :} ¶¶
+
||
 +
{{Flickr_image
 +
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/20429889789/in/pool-camerawiki
 +
|image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/689/20429889789_0e5c0242f4_n.jpg
 +
|image_align= center
 +
  |image_text= Lens Bezel Type ¶¶¶
  
−
===Notes===
+
|image_by=
−
<references />
+
|image_rights=
−
[[Category:Australia]]
+
}}
−
[[Category:Scientific cameras]]
+
||
−
[[Category:Aerial cameras]]
+
{{Flickr_image
−
[[Category:Military cameras]]
+
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/19994020694/in/pool-camerawiki
 +
|image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/695/19994020694_8fcaa82d90_n.jpg
 +
|image_align= center
 +
|image_text= Lens Bezel Type ¶¶¶
 +
|image_by=
 +
|image_rights=
 +
}}
 +
|| {{Flickr_image
 +
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/581/20451767028/in/pool-camerawiki
 +
|image=http://farm1.staticflickr.com/767/20451767028_98f84a5c7b_n.jpg
 +
|image_align= center
 +
|image_text=Lens Bezel Type 2cii
 +
|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 +
|image_rights= with permission
 +
}}
 +
|-
 +
|colspan=3 align="center"|
 +
{{Flickr_image_caption
 +
|image_text= Lens Bezel inscriptions of [[KMZ]]-produced Helios-44 f/2 58mm
  
−
{{WIP}}
+
}}  
−
 
 
−
{|class=plainlinks style="text-align: left;"
 
−
|bgcolor="#A9F5F2" width=1200px |'''FEEL FREE TO LOOK, BUT PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH...'''
 
 
|}
 
|}
  
−
==Beck==
+
==Sample Images==
  
−
* Asymmetrical Lens clean mine!
+
{|class=plainlinks align=center
−
 
+
||
−
 
+
  {{Flickr_image
−
===Beck Sky Camera===
+
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/20606641325/in/pool-camerawiki
−
British pat n°225 398/1923
+
|image= http://farm1.staticflickr.com/584/20606641325_a2c6f4d60e_n.jpg
−
Focal length near 1 inch (2.5cm) and image circle is approximately 3 inch (7.5cm)
+
|image_align= center
−
For circular images 2½ in. dia. on 3¼ x 4¼ in.plates, English, c. 1924, the mahogany box-form body with fixed focus brassbound R&J Beck 180 'fish-eye' ƒ8 lens with three built-in filters, and one block-form double plate holder.
+
|image_text= 'Pink on Grey'
−
Designed and patented by Robin Hill of the Biochemical Laboratory, Cambridge in 1923, British Pat. No.31931/23, for photographing cloud formations. The distortion produced by the lens was corrected by using the same lens again for projection of the image. It was used by the Meteorological Office for many years. Original price £18/18/0.
+
|image_by=
−
Literature: R. Hill, ''Quarterly  Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society''. Vol.50 (1924) p.227-23;  Dr.H.v. Socher, Optik Mit 180 Gesichtsfeld, ''Das Deutsche Lichtbild'', 1931.
+
|image_rights=
−
 
+
}}
−
Camera has built-in shutter. Speeds are: 1/100, 1/50, 1/25, 1/10, 1/5, 1/2, 1sec, B and T.  Lens has built-in yellow filter. Apertures are 8, 11, 16, 22 and 32
+
||
−
*[http://www.novacon.com.br/odditycameras/hillscloud.htm 1920´s Hill´s Cloud Camera  with Hill Sky lens made by Beck London] (Novacon site)
+
  {{Flickr_image
−
*[http://www.spiracollection.com/spira/home.nsf/4c2c57d7586208c685256b1a006e32b3/361ff4409ff39fd085256b20006a6db8?OpenDocument  Spira Collection]
+
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/20128647773/in/pool-camerawiki
−
===Beck Guided Weapons Lenses===
+
|image= http://farm1.staticflickr.com/650/20128647773_ebf22d02ec_n.jpg
−
 
+
|image_align= center
−
{{Flickr_image
+
|image_text='E'
−
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6317304867/in/pool-camerawiki
+
  |image_by=  
−
|image= http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6038/6317304867_5ff2860ef2_m.jpg
+
|image_rights=  
−
|image_align= right
+
}}
−
|image_text= R&J Beck designed G.W. Type 2  Mk.3 lens
+
  ||
−
|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
+
{{Flickr_image
−
|image_rights= with permission
+
  |image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/20127285274/in/pool-camerawiki
−
}}
+
|image= http://farm1.staticflickr.com/634/20127285274_2052eff246_n.jpg
−
The folowing lenses have been documented
+
  |image_align= top
−
* GW Type 2 Mk 2 (on a [[Dekko GW 1]] Mk1A)
+
  |image_text= Gum Nuts
−
:The lens is
+
  |image_by=  
−
* GW Type 2 Mk 3 (on a [[Dekko GW 1]] Mk1A and a [[Beck GW 2]])
+
  |image_rights=  
−
:The lens is similar to the Type 2 M2, but is surrounded by four diodes for @@@
 
−
* GW Type 3 Mk 2 (on a [[Dekko GW 1]] Mk1C)
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:Scientific cameras]]
 
−
[[Category:Aerial cameras]]
 
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[[Category:Military cameras]]
 
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{{br}}
 
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{{WIP}}
 
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{|class=plainlinks style="text-align: left;"
 
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|bgcolor="#A9F5F2" width=1200px |'''FEEL FREE TO LOOK, BUT PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH...'''
 
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|}
 
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{| class="toccolours" align="center" style="clear: both; margin: 0.5em 2em; text-align: left;"
 
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|-
 
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! bgcolor="#ffcc33" | Military Cameras
 
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|-
 
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| style="font-size: 95%;" |'''Aerial Cameras''' | [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[Fairchild F-8|Fairchild F8]] |  [[Fairchild_K-17 | Fairchild K-17]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[Solar-Vought_Torpedo_Camera | Solar-Vought Torpedo Camera]] |
 
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|-
 
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| style="font-size: 95%;" |&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;| [[GSK-99|Konishiroku GSK-99]] |  |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |
 
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|-
 
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| style="font-size: 95%;" |'''Combat Cameras''' | [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[Combat_Camera_PH-501/PF |Simmon PH-501/PF]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |
 
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|-
 
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| style="font-size: 95%;" | '''Gun Cameras''' | [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  
 
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|-
 
−
| style="font-size: 95%;"| '''Missile Cameras''' | [[WRETAR|WRECISS]] |  [[WREROC|WREROC]] |  [[WRETAR|WRETAR]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |  [[XXX|XXX]] |
 
−
|}<noinclude>
 
−
[[Category:Navigational templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
 
−
</noinclude>
 
−
 
 
−
{{WIP}}
 
−
{|class=plainlinks style="text-align: left;"
 
−
|bgcolor="#A9F5F2" width=1200px |'''FEEL FREE TO LOOK, BUT PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH...'''
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
{{WIP}}
 
−
 
 
−
{|class=plainlinks style="text-align: left;"
 
−
|bgcolor="#A9F5F2" width=1200px |'''FEEL FREE TO LOOK, BUT PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH...'''
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
=Dekko=
 
−
Between the 1930s and 1950s Dekko Cameras Ltd<ref>Addresses:1934-1938: Slough, Buckinghamshire; 1938-1950s: Telford Way, East Acton, London, W3, UK</ref> produced a range of cine cameras for civilian application<ref> For patents held by Dekko see: Perfectionnements aux chargeurs de film pour caméras. Inventors Alan Percy Smith and  Henry Arthur Bence-Trower. Applicant Dekko Cameras Ltd. Application date 25 August 1938. Publication date 14 June 1939. French Patent nº FR 842562  (A).—Improvements in or relating to cinematograph projectors. Inventors Dekko Cameras Ltd. and Frederick Wheeler Stanley. Applicant Dekko Cameras Ltd.  Application date 28 February 1948; Publication date 6 January 1952. British patent nº GB 665136  (A).</ref> In addition, Dekko produced a range of projectors for 8mm, 9.5mm and 16mm format.<ref>Dekko 1 (1937?), 9.5mm projector with crank 60 ft reels 40V. 15W; Dekko 2 (1937?), 9.5mm projector with motor 60 ft reels 40V. 15W; Dekko 3 (1939), 9.5mm projector with crank 50V 25W; Dekko 4 (1939), 9.5mm projector with motor 50V. 25W; Dekko 5 (1939), 9.5mm projector 400 ft; Dekko 6 (1939), 9.5mm projector 400 ft; Dekko 7 (1939), 9.5mm projector 400 ft; Dekko 8 (1939), 9.5mm projector 400 ft; Dekko 48 (1939), 9.5mm projector 100/115V. 50 W. 400 ft.; Dekko 118a (1947), 8mm projector 500 W; Dekko 118b (1947), 8mm projector 500 W; Dekko 118c (1947), 8mm projector 500 W; Dekko 119a (1947), 9.5mm projector 110V. 500 W.; Dekko 119b (1947), 9.5mm projector 110V. 500W; Dekko 119c (1947), 9.5mm projector 110V. 750W; Dekko 126A (1949), 16mm projector 500W; Dekko 126B (1949), 16mm projector 500W; Dekko 126C (1949), 16mm projector 500W.—See also: Dekko Cameras Ltd. (1952) Projector for 16 mm cinematograph films. ''Journal of Scientific Instruments'' vol. 29 nº 2, pp. 62-63.</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
{{Flickr_image
 
−
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/bispham2/3425353105/in/pool-camerawiki
 
−
|image= http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3346/3425353105_6bcef74188.jpg
 
−
|image_align= right
 
−
|image_text= Dekko 128
 
−
|image_by= John Burke
 
−
|image_rights= with permission
 
−
}}
 
−
==Civilian Cameras==
 
−
*Dekko Standard (1934)—a Bakelite 9.5mm camera (1.2kg, 59x125x133 mm)<ref name="Vacini">[http://www.binoculars-cinecollectors.com/html/body_9_5_mm_camera_page2.html 9.5mm cameras] (Anna & Terry Vacini Binocular and Cine Collection).</ref><ref>Advertisement ''The Straits Times,'' 4 April 1935, Page 1 Column 2.</ref> on record with:
 
−
 
 
−
**[[Dallmeyer]] Triple Anastigmat f/2.9 25mm
 
−
**Dekko Anastigmat-[[National Optical Company |National Opt. Co.]] Leicester; f/2.8 25mm<ref name="Vacini" />
 
−
**[[Dallmeyer]] Anastigmat f/3.5 20mm<ref name="Vacini" />
 
−
**[[Dallmeyer]] Popular Telephoto f/4 75mm<ref>[http://www.ssplprints.com/image/87347/dekko-9-5mm-cine-camera-english-c-1930 National Media Museum / Science & Society]</ref>
 
−
**[[Ross]] Cine Lens f/1.9 25mm<ref name="Vacini" />
 
−
**[[Taylor-Hobson]] f/2.5 23mm
 
−
**[[Wray]] London Dekko Anastigmat f/3.5 20 mm<ref name="Vacini" />
 
−
*Dekko 104 DeLuxe (1935)—a bakelite 9.5mm camera, 8-64 fps, could shoot stills (1.45 kg, 59x125x150 mm) on record with:
 
−
** [[Dallmeyer]] Speed Anastigmat f/1.5 25mm<ref name="Vacini" />
 
−
**SOM [[Berthiot]] Paris Cinor B f/1.9 25mm<ref name="Vacini" />
 
−
**[[Taylor-Hobson]] Anastigmat f/2.5 23mm<ref name="Vacini" />
 
−
*Dekko 110 (1947)—a metal 8mm camera fitted with National Optic Anastigmat f/2.5 12.5mm
 
−
*Dekko 128 (1950)—a 8mm camera (0.9 kg, 63x127x127 mm) with National Optic Anastigmat f/2.5 12.5mm
 
−
 
 
−
????
 
−
*[[Wray]] Dekko 20mm Anastigmat F/3.5<ref>Lens only, has three holes on flange, one section of flange is a straight cut: Ebay 110729130708 (August 2011)</ref>
 
−
 
 
−
{{Flickr_image
 
−
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6317248885/in/pool-camerawiki
 
−
|image= http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6225/6317248885_c5e56a8f1d_m.jpg
 
−
|image_align= right
 
−
|image_text= Dekko GW 1 Mk1C Aircraft Target  Camera <br><small>fitted with R & J [[Beck]] GW Type 3 Mk2 lens</small>
 
−
|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
−
|image_rights= with permission
 
−
}}
 
−
 
 
−
==Military Cameras==
 
−
During World War II the company had also designed the Dekko type N model 136 (1940) aircraft magazine camera. After World War II it was approached by the Royal Air Force to develop a high speed camera to record missile strikes on target aircraft (the [[Dekko GW 1]]).<ref> Spennemann, Dirk HR (2012) History, Description and Technical Details of the GW Target Aircraft Cameras. vers. 1.0 {: CAMERA | TOPIA :}
 
−
</ref> Even though the latter was technically a high speed cine camera, shooting at 100 frames/second, the resulting negatives were not projected as a film but examined individually in order to assess the miss distance of the missile in relation to its target.
 
−
 
 
−
It seems that Dekko withdrew from the civilian movie camera market in the late 1950s and expanded into the business of electronics instrumentation<ref>‘The Industry’ ‘’Flight’’ 29 July 1957, p. 145</ref>. High speed cameras for research and instrumentation purposes continued to be produced,<ref>Coleman, K R (1967) Some recent work on the photography of transient events. ‘’Journal of Scientific Instruments’’ vol 44 nº 5, pp. 321</ref> as were adaptations of movie cameras to single shot devices for data recording of experiments<ref>Howell, R.S (1963) The Flight Recorder. Appendix 2 to: W.F. Fielding, Kinetic and solar heating of 1000lb bombs examined at R.A.F. Idris, August-September 1962. Technical Note WE 13. Farnborough: Royal Aircraft Establishment. Page 16</ref>.
 
−
 
 
−
==Links==
 
−
* ¶¶ Spennemann, Dirk HR (2012) History, Description and Technical Details of the GW Target Aircraft Cameras. vers. 1.0 {: CAMERA | TOPIA :}
 
−
* [http://www.pathefilm.freeserve.co.uk/95gear.htm 9.5 mm equipment catalogue]
 
−
* [http://www.binoculars-cinecollectors.com/html/body_9_5_mm_camera_page2.html 9.5mm cameras] (Anna & Terry Vacini Binocular and Cine Collection
 
−
 
 
−
==Notes==
 
−
<references />
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:UK]]
 
−
{{br}}
 
−
 
 
−
{{WIP}}
 
−
{|class=plainlinks style="text-align: left;"
 
−
|bgcolor="#A9F5F2" width=1200px |'''FEEL FREE TO LOOK, BUT PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH...'''
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
=Dekko GW 1=
 
−
{{Camera|cameraName = {{PAGENAME}}
 
−
  | dateProduction = 1955- ~1957
 
−
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6317248885/in/pool-camerawiki
 
−
|image= http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6225/6317248885_c5e56a8f1d_m.jpg
 
−
|image_text= [[Dekko]] GW 1 Mk1C Aircraft Target  Camera <br><small>fitted with R & J [[Beck]] GW Type 3 Mk2 lens</small>
 
−
|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
−
|image_rights= with permission
 
−
  | manu = Dekko Cameras Ltd
 
−
  | type = high speed cine
 
−
  | variants = Mk Ia, Ic & Ic
 
−
| film = 35mm
 
−
| FS = 5p (22.4mm L x 24mm H)
 
−
| lens =R & J [[Beck]] G.W. Type 2  Mk. 2<br>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; R & J [[Beck]] G.W. Type 3  Mk. 2
 
−
| shutter = rotary
 
−
| shutterRange = fixed
 
−
| finder =none
 
−
| metering = manual
 
−
| focusing = fixed
 
−
| flash = none
 
−
| advance = electric motor, 100 frames/sec
 
−
| weight = XXX
 
−
| size = XXXX  (W x H x D)
 
 
  }}
 
  }}
−
 
+
  |-
−
 
+
|colspan=3 align="center"|
−
 
+
{{Flickr_image_caption
−
 
+
|image_text= Sample images taken with a Helios-44 Type Type 2cii mounted on a Nikon D800
−
 
+
|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
−
==Background==
+
|image_rights= with permission
−
 
+
}}  
−
While technically a high speed cine camera, shooting at 100 frames/second, the resulting negatives were not projected as a film but examined individually in order to assess the miss distance of the missile in relation to its target.
 
−
The film magazine took a standard 50ft roll of 35mm cine film, which gave the camera a run time of 12 seconds.
 
−
 
 
−
{{br}}
 
−
 
 
−
{{Flickr_image
 
−
|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6393008679/in/pool-camerawiki
 
−
|image= http://farm8.static.flickr.com/7021/6393008679_45d8f101e0_m.jpg
 
−
|image_align= right
 
−
|image_text= [[Dekko GW 1]] Mk 1A
 
−
|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
−
|image_rights= with permission
 
−
}}
 
−
==Technical designs==
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
===Mk 1A===
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
===Mk 1B===
 
−
The existence of a Mark 1B camera can be inferred but units of this type have not been available for examination at the time of writing.
 
−
 
 
−
===Mk 1C===
 
−
 
 
−
===Mk 1D===
 
−
The identification data engraved on the cover for the film magazine-loading bay read the same as those documented for the Mark 1C, with the exception that the text Mk 1C’ has been replaced by ‘Mk 1D.’ The sole Mk 1D unit examined carried a R&J [[Beck]] GW Type 3 lens. There is no readily visible difference between the Mk1C and Mk1D models, either in overall appearance, lenses or mechanics.
 
−
 
 
−
==Links==
 
−
* ¶¶ Spennemann, Dirk HR (2012) History, Description and Technical Details of the GW Target Aircraft Cameras. vers. 1.0  {: CAMERA | TOPIA :}
 
−
 
 
−
==Notes==
 
−
<references />
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
−
[[Category:UK]]
 
−
[[Category:Scientific cameras]]
 
−
[[Category:Aerial cameras]]
 
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[[Category:Military cameras]]
 
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{{br}}
 
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{{WIP}}
 
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{|class=plainlinks style="text-align: left;"
 
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|bgcolor="#A9F5F2" width=1200px |'''FEEL FREE TO LOOK, BUT PLEASE DO NOT TOUCH...'''
 
 
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=Beck GW 2=
 
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{{Camera|cameraName = {{PAGENAME}}
 
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| dateProduction = 1955- ~1957
 
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|image_source= http://www.flickr.com/photos/heritagefutures/6317845182/in/pool-camerawiki
 
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|image= http://farm7.static.flickr.com/6053/6317845182_d738d7cc90_m.jpg
 
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|image_text= [[Beck]] GW 2 Mk1C Aircraft Target  Camera <br><small>fitted with R & J [[Beck]] G.W. Type 3  Mk.3 lens</small>
 
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|image_by= Dirk HR Spennemann
 
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| manu = Dekko Cameras Ltd
 
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| type = high speed cine
 
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| variants = Mk Ia, Ic & Ic
 
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| film = 35mm
 
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| FS = 5p (22.4mm L x 24mm H)
 
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| lens = R & J [[Beck]] G.W. Type 3  Mk. 3
 
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| shutter = rotary
 
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| shutterRange = fixed
 
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| finder =none
 
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| metering = manual
 
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| focusing = fixed
 
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| flash = none
 
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| advance = electric motor, 100 frames/sec
 
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| weight = XXX
 
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| size = XXXX  (W x H x D)
 
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}}
 
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==Background==
 
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While technically a high speed cine camera, shooting at 100 frames/second, the  resulting negatives were not projected as a film but examined individually in order to assess the miss distance of the missile in relation to its target.
 
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The film magazine took a 100 foot roll, which gave the camera a run time of 12 seconds.
 
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==Technical designs==
 
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==Links==
 
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* ¶¶ Spennemann, Dirk HR (2012) History, Description and Technical Details of the GW Target Aircraft Cameras. vers. 1.0  {: CAMERA | TOPIA :}
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
 
<references />
 
<references />
  
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[[Category:UK]]
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====Bibliography====
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[[Category:Scientific cameras]]
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Машиностроение (1968) Каталог "Любительская фотокиноаппаратура" (Katalog Photokinoapparatura) Moscow: Машиностроение pp. 232–234
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[[Category:Aerial cameras]]
 
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[[Category:Military cameras]]
 
  
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====Links====
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{{br}}
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*[http://www.zenitcamera.com/archive/lenses/helios-44.html  KMZ Original description and technical specifications of the Helios 44].
 +
*[http://www.photohistory.ru/ Photohistory  of the Helios 44]

Latest revision as of 12:40, 12 September 2015

Helios 44

20429889789_0e5c0242f4_n.jpg
Lens schematic of the Helios-44 f/2 58mm
image by Dirk HR Spennemann (Image rights)


Helios-44 (Гелиос-44) is a series of standard lenses for SLR cameras, produced from 1949? until 1992 (2001?) in the Soviet Union by KMZ, MMZ, and by Valdai. The Helios-44 is it is considered to be one of most mass-produced lenses in the world. The lens is based on the Carl Zeiss Biotar f/2 58mm design.[1] The Helios-44 f/2 58mm is a 6-element anastigmat, which over the duration of its production was available in both single-coated and multi-coated versions. Helios-44 is has a strong aberration at the margins, resulting in a characteristic 'swirl' which is reminiscent of Petzval lenses.

The nomenclature of all bar the first (silver-cased) Helios lenses follows the formula 'Helios-44X-N', where X -is the index of lens mount (M for M42 thread, K for Pentax K bayonet, Д for Zenit-D bayonet) and N is a optical resolution index 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (the higher number the higher is an optical resolution of lens).


Technical Specifications

Focal Distance: 58mm (may vary in reality).
Aperture Range: ƒ/2 - ƒ/16 (ƒ/22)
Optical Formula: 6 elements in 4 groups.
Angle of View: 40°28
Geometric Vignetting: 58%



The arrangement of the focussing helicoid as well as the aperture selector ring differs between models. In the table below, the arrow ← indicates the direction the aperture control ring needs to be turned to increase the ƒ-stops.



Model

Maker		 Lens
Mount

Weight		 Number of
Aperture
Blades		 Minimum
Focusing
Distance
Maximum
Aperture
Filter
Diameter		 Resolution
center/edge
lines/mm
Trans-
mittance
Color
Formula
Sequence
(from lens face)

References
Helios-44 (Start) KMZ Start 230g 13 0.7m ƒ/16 M40.5x0.5 35/14 .81 10-0-1.5 focus, ƒ←
Helios-44 KMZ LTM 230g 13 0.5m ƒ/22
ƒ/16		 M49.5x0.75 35/14 ƒ→ , DoF, focus [2]
KMZ Arri PL 230g 13 0.5m ƒ/22
ƒ/16		 M49.5x0.75 ƒ→ , DoF, focus
KMZ LTM 230g 8 0.5m ƒ/22
ƒ/16		 M49.5x0.75 ƒ→ , DoF, focus
MMZ LTM ¶g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 M49x0.75 ƒ→ , focus [3]
Helios-44-2 KMZ M42 230g 13 0.5m ƒ/16 M49x0.75 38/20 0.82 10-0-1.5 ƒ→ , focus [4]
Helios-44-7 KMZ M42 350g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 M49x0.75 36/17 0.80 10-0-1.5
Helios-44-M KMZ M42 ¶g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 focus, ƒ→
Helios-44M-3 KMZ M42 300g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 38/19 0.80 10-0-1.5 ƒ→ , focus
Helios-44M-4 KMZ M42 300g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 38/19 0.80 10-0-1.5 focus, ƒ→
Helios-44-N KMZ M42 ¶g 8 0.5m ƒ/16
Helios-44X-N KMZ M42 ¶g 6 0.5m ƒ/16 M52x0.75
MC Helios-44K-4 KMZ Pentax K 300g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 42/21 0.85 11-0-0 focus, ƒ→
MC Helios-44M-3 KMZ M42 300g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 0.85 11-0-0 ƒ→ , focus
MC Helios-44M-4 KMZ M42 300g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 41/20 0.85 11-0-0
MC Helios-44M-5 KMZ M42 270g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 41/20 0.85 11-0-0 focus, ƒ→
MC Helios-44M-6 KMZ M42 270g 8 0.5m ƒ/16 45/25 0.90 11-0-0 focus, ƒ→
MC Helios-44M-7 KMZ M42 270g 6 0.5m ƒ/16 M52x0.75 50/30 0.90 11-0-0 focus, ƒ→

Typology of the silver-barrelled Helios-44 lenses (early versions)

20622183195_3fca4835a3_n.jpg
Lens schematic of the Helios-44 f/2 58mm
image by Dirk HR Spennemann (Image rights)

The early Helios lenses are housed in aluminium barrels. Reputedly, the serial numbers of the early Helios lenses are structured according to the following pattern:[5]
000xxxx factory test (study) models, prototypes etc..
00xxxxx models reserved for members of the communist party and other "VIPs" .
0xxxxxx reserved for factory syndicat leaders. All lenses with a '0', '00' and '000' prefix reputedly underwent higher quality control.

Additional variations exist in the representation of the serial number prefixes. Observed have been N and Nº, whereby the 'N" appears on some of the earlier models.

Helios 44 (Start)

Mechanically, the Helios lens for the Start SLR differs from all other Helios-44 lenses inasmuch as the focussing ring is up front and the aperture selector at the rear. Moreover, the lens for the Start lacks the preset function of the other early models. Aperture selection with f-stops increasing in clockwise motion.

  • Type 1— f-stops to f/22; bezel text that spells out '1:2 F=5,8cm' with a Cyrillic P (Π) in red, silver front bezel ring. Released 1958.[6]
  • Type 2— f-stops to f/16; bezel text "2/58" and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by KMZ [7]
Helios-44 (LTM)

Pre-set prime lens. The fixed lens stops have with audible clicks, while the stop-down ring (to check the depth of field) allows for a smooth contraction of the diaphragm. Aperture selection with f-stops increasing in counter-clockwise motion (differs from the Helios version used on the Start)..

  • Type 1—pre-set lens with f-stops to f/22; bezel text that spells out '1:2 F=5,8cm' with a Cyrillic P (Π) in red, silver front bezel ring, sn 000xxxx–0017xxx. Initially used for the KMZ Kristall released in 1961 and the KMZ Zenit 3M.
  • Type 2— pre-set lens with f-stops to f/16
Type 2a—bezel text that spells out '1:2 F=5,8cm' with a Cyrillic P (Π) in red, and a silver front bezel ring, sn 0016xxx [8]
Type 2b—bezel text "2/58" and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by KMZ
Type 2bi— Cyrillic labelling, ring, sn 0073xxx– [9]
Type 2bii—Latin labelling
Type 2biii—Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. [10]
Type 2c—bezel text "2/58" and 'black' front bezel ring, 13-blade diaphragm produced by KMZ until the late 1950s, sn –0225xxx
Type 2ci— Cyrillic labelling[11]
Type 2cii—Latin labelling [12]
Type 2ciii—Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. [13]
Type 2d—bezel text "2/58" and 'black' front bezel ring, 8-blade diaphragm, produced by KMZ until the late 1950s, sn 024447x–
Type 2di—Cyrillc labelling, [14]
Type 2di—Cyrillc labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. [15]
Type 2diIi—Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'. [16]
Type 2e—bezel text "2/58" and black front bezel ring, 8-blade diaphragm, produced by MMZ until the mid 1960s[17]
Type 2ei— Cyrillic labelling, sn 50xxxxx–60xxxxx [18]
Type 2eii— Latin labelling, engraved "Made in USSR,' sn 50xxxxx–60xxxxx [19]
Helios-44-2 (M42)
Type 1— pre-set lens with bezel text "2/58" and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by Valdai
Type 1a— Cyrillic labelling[20]
Type 1b— Latin labelling [21]
Type 2— pre-set lens with bezel text "2/58" and the 'silver' front bezel ring produced by MMZ [22]


20429889789_0e5c0242f4_n.jpg
19994020694_8fcaa82d90_n.jpg
20623213781_c08b944446_n.jpg

KMZ-produced Helios-44 f/2 58mm for Start SLR
images by Dirk HR Spennemann (Image rights)


20429889789_0e5c0242f4_n.jpg
19994020694_8fcaa82d90_n.jpg
20623213781_c08b944446_n.jpg

KMZ-produced Helios-44 f/2 58mm Type 2cii
images by Dirk HR Spennemann (Image rights)


20429889789_0e5c0242f4_n.jpg
Lens Bezel Type ¶¶¶
19994020694_8fcaa82d90_n.jpg
Lens Bezel Type ¶¶¶
20451767028_98f84a5c7b_n.jpg
Lens Bezel Type 2cii
image by Dirk HR Spennemann (Image rights)

Lens Bezel inscriptions of KMZ-produced Helios-44 f/2 58mm


Sample Images

20606641325_a2c6f4d60e_n.jpg
'Pink on Grey'
20128647773_ebf22d02ec_n.jpg
'E'
20127285274_2052eff246_n.jpg
Gum Nuts

Sample images taken with a Helios-44 Type Type 2cii mounted on a Nikon D800
images by Dirk HR Spennemann (Image rights)

Notes

  1. ↑ At the beginning the lens was to be called "БТК" - "БиоТар Красногорский" (BioTar Krasnogorski).
  2. ↑ For photo series see discussion thread for this image
  3. ↑ Seen on eBay sn/6012651, English labelling, engraved "Made in USSR'.
  4. ↑ Manufactured from 1971 by KMZ and MMZ, in 1974 production moved to Jupiter Optics Valdai, in 1982/83 production moved back to to MMZ
  5. ↑ | A Word about Russian Serial Numbers
  6. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/ 0005085 (with Start body #5904339); 0005292 (with Start body #6317417); 0014131; 0014167 (with Start body #6100790); 0016442
  7. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/ 0043802 (with Start body #6388722); 0051838 0052784 (with Start body #6120968); 0057844 (with Start body #6112545); 0063978 (with Start body #6114645); 0060810 (with Start body #6114785); 0069922; 0075924 (with Start body #6119536); 0101830 (with Start body #6315633); 0121214 (with Start body #6226892);
  8. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/0016709; 0018687, 0023907
  9. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/0068221; 0059418; 0158550; 0275085
  10. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/0120173
  11. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/0030453, 0127713
  12. ↑ Photographica Collection Dirk HR Spennemann sn/0085902; 0205436
  13. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/0120173
  14. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/02887790
  15. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/0275083
  16. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/0254198, 0275083
  17. ↑ MMZ lenses with serial numbers beginning with "N40xxx", "N50xxx" or "N60xxx" were most likely made in 1964, 1965 and 1966 (first number of sn very likely stands for the year of 196x decade).
  18. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/5011275 ; 5014399; 5038818
  19. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/6002494 (on Zenit3M); 6012651, 6024306.
  20. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/8708916
  21. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/79220381; 80003408; 81276436; 81293022
  22. ↑ Seen on eBay: sn/7654512.

Bibliography

Машиностроение (1968) Каталог "Любительская фотокиноаппаратура" (Katalog Photokinoapparatura) Moscow: Машиностроение pp. 232–234

Links

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