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(→‎Navy Type 99 Handheld Aerial Camera (15cm))
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The camera is loaded with 9cm wide<REF name="JNP p8" /> perforated film rolls. The picture format is about 7.5×10cm.<REF name="Iwama"> Iwama Tomohisa (岩間倶久). "Konica history 8. Konishiroku no gun'yō kamera." (Konica history 8. 小西六の軍用カメラ. Konishiroku military cameras.) Kamera Rebyū: Kurashikku Kamera Senka (カメラレビュー クラシックカメラ専科) / Camera Review: All about Historical Cameras no.10, September 1987. No ISBN number. Konishiroku kamera no rekishi (小西六カメラの歴史, special issue on Konishiroku). Pp.54–5.</ref><ref>[http://www.wetwing.com/aerialcamera/aerialcameras/cameras.html this page] at Wetwing Aerial Camera, and ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.11, all say 7.5×10cm. [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html This page] at Kore Nāni says 70×100mm, and {{SUG}}, item 6010, says 72×98mm. </REF> The film strips are 2.3 metres in length,<REF name="JNP p8" /><REF name="JNP p18"> ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.18. </REF>allowing for 20 exposures.<REF> The camera pictured in [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html this page] at Kore Nāni clearly shows an exposure counter graduated from 1 to 20. ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.11, repeated in [http://www.airrecce.co.uk/cameras/Jap_cameras.html this page] at Airrecce, also mentions 20 exposures. [http://www.wetwing.com/aerialcamera/aerialcameras/cameras.html This page] at Wetwing Aerial Camera, mentions 6 or 10-exposure film strips, perhaps by mistake. {{SUG}}, item 6010, says that the camera takes glass plates and sheetfilm, but this is obviously a mistake. </REF>
 
The camera is loaded with 9cm wide<REF name="JNP p8" /> perforated film rolls. The picture format is about 7.5×10cm.<REF name="Iwama"> Iwama Tomohisa (岩間倶久). "Konica history 8. Konishiroku no gun'yō kamera." (Konica history 8. 小西六の軍用カメラ. Konishiroku military cameras.) Kamera Rebyū: Kurashikku Kamera Senka (カメラレビュー クラシックカメラ専科) / Camera Review: All about Historical Cameras no.10, September 1987. No ISBN number. Konishiroku kamera no rekishi (小西六カメラの歴史, special issue on Konishiroku). Pp.54–5.</ref><ref>[http://www.wetwing.com/aerialcamera/aerialcameras/cameras.html this page] at Wetwing Aerial Camera, and ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.11, all say 7.5×10cm. [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html This page] at Kore Nāni says 70×100mm, and {{SUG}}, item 6010, says 72×98mm. </REF> The film strips are 2.3 metres in length,<REF name="JNP p8" /><REF name="JNP p18"> ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.18. </REF>allowing for 20 exposures.<REF> The camera pictured in [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html this page] at Kore Nāni clearly shows an exposure counter graduated from 1 to 20. ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.11, repeated in [http://www.airrecce.co.uk/cameras/Jap_cameras.html this page] at Airrecce, also mentions 20 exposures. [http://www.wetwing.com/aerialcamera/aerialcameras/cameras.html This page] at Wetwing Aerial Camera, mentions 6 or 10-exposure film strips, perhaps by mistake. {{SUG}}, item 6010, says that the camera takes glass plates and sheetfilm, but this is obviously a mistake. </REF>
  
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The camera has a folding frame finder at the top, and wooden handles on both sides of the body. The shutter is of the focal-plane type, with horizontally running curtains. It normally gives 1/75, 1/150, 1/250 and 1/400 speeds,<REF> [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html This page] at Kore Nāni, and specifications in {{SUG}}, item 6010. </REF> selected by a wheel at the top. (The American report mentions 1/25 to 1/500 speeds, perhaps by mistake.)<REF> ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.11, repeated in [http://www.airrecce.co.uk/cameras/Jap_cameras.html this page] at Airrecce. </REF> The main release has the shape of a trigger, actioned by the right index. The film is advanced and the shutter is wound by turning the right-hand handle by 90 degrees twice.<REF> [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html This page] at Kore Nāni. </REF><REF name="Wetwing Aerial" /> The camera has an automatic exposure counter, either at the top left or to the right of the viewfinder.<REF> Compare the two examples pictured in Iwama, p.54.</REF> The back is fully removable and is locked by two keys, with open (開) and close (閉) indications.
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The camera has a folding frame finder at the top, and wooden handles on both sides of the body. The shutter is of the focal-plane type, with horizontally running curtains. It normally gives 1/75, 1/150, 1/250 and 1/400 speeds,<REF> [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html This page] at Kore Nāni, and specifications in {{SUG}}, item 6010. </REF> selected by a wheel at the top. (The American report mentions 1/25 to 1/500 speeds, probably by mistake.)<REF> ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.11, repeated in [http://www.airrecce.co.uk/cameras/Jap_cameras.html this page] at Airrecce. </REF> The main release has the shape of a trigger, actioned by the right index. The film is advanced and the shutter is wound by turning the right-hand handle by 90 degrees twice.<REF> [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html This page] at Kore Nāni. </REF><REF name="Wetwing Aerial" /> The camera has an automatic exposure counter. The back is fully removable and is locked by two keys, with open (開) and close (閉) indications.
  
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It is said that two versions were made, one for aerial use only and the other for both aerial and terrestrial use.<REF name="Wetwing Aerial" /> The American report mentions two variants distinguished by the lens maximal aperture, either f/3.5 or f/4.5, saying that the latter was more common.<REF name="JNP p10 Airrecce"> ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.10, repeated in [http://www.airrecce.co.uk/cameras/Jap_cameras.html this page] at Airrecce </REF> Variations have been observed in the surviving camera bodies, but no clear pattern has been identified.<REF> Examples pictured in [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html this page] at Kore Nāni, in [http://www.wetwing.com/aerialcamera/aerialcameras/cameras.html this page] at Wetwing Aerial Camera, in {{SUG}}, item 6010, and in Iwama, p.54 of {{KKS}} no.10. </REF>
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At least two versions were made, reputedly one for aerial use only and the other for both aerial and terrestrial use.<REF name="Wetwing Aerial" /> The American report mentions two variants distinguished by the lens maximal aperture, either f/3.5 or f/4.5, saying that the latter was more common.<REF name="JNP p10 Airrecce"> ''Japanese Naval Photography'', p.10, repeated in [http://www.airrecce.co.uk/cameras/Jap_cameras.html this page] at Airrecce </REF> Variations have been observed in the surviving camera bodies, but no clear pattern has been identified.<REF> Examples pictured in [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html this page] at Kore Nāni, in [http://www.wetwing.com/aerialcamera/aerialcameras/cameras.html this page] at Wetwing Aerial Camera, in {{SUG}}, item 6010, and in Iwama, p.54 of {{KKS}} no.10. </REF>
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==Surviving Examples==
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A number of examples have appeared in recent years, which allow the identification of two types and some variants.
 +
===Cameras manufactured by Rokuoh Sha / Konishiroku==
 +
It is highly probable that the design originated by [[Konica|Rokuoh Sha / Konishiroku]] ¶¶¶
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===Cameras manufactured by Fuji==
  
 
At least one surviving camera is known to have a [[Hexar lenses|Hexar Ser.1B 15cm f/4.5]].<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html this page] at Kore Nāni. </REF> The lens is attached to the camera by four screws and has three prongs at the front for filter attachment. The aperture is controlled by a large ring at the front of the outer lens cone, connected to the lens diaphragm via a lever.
 
At least one surviving camera is known to have a [[Hexar lenses|Hexar Ser.1B 15cm f/4.5]].<REF> Example pictured in [http://www.geocities.jp/kyo_oomiya/99cam.html this page] at Kore Nāni. </REF> The lens is attached to the camera by four screws and has three prongs at the front for filter attachment. The aperture is controlled by a large ring at the front of the outer lens cone, connected to the lens diaphragm via a lever.

Revision as of 14:02, 11 July 2012

Navy Type 99 Handheld Aerial Camera (15cm)

The Type 99 Handheld Aerial Camera (15cm) (九九式航空写真機十五糎) was produced for the Japanese Navy by Rokuoh-sha (and later Konishiroku) and by Fuji (presumably Fuji Shashin Film or one of its subsidiaries).[1]


As was usual practice with the Japanese military ordnance of the time, the name "type 99" stands for year 2599 in the Japanese imperial calendar, i.e. 1939. A recent Japanese source says that the introduction of the camera was plagued with reliability problems, and it only went in full service around 1943.[2] This is partly confirmed by the Rokuoh-sha and Konishiroku production figures for the 1941–1945 period, quoted in the 1945 American report already cited above:[1]

Year 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 Total
Ordered _ 50 700 1416 1440 3606
Delivered _ 50 600 1231 65 1946

The total production was surely higher, if one takes into account the cameras made by Fuji.

The camera is loaded with 9cm wide[1] perforated film rolls. The picture format is about 7.5×10cm.[3][4] The film strips are 2.3 metres in length,[1][5]allowing for 20 exposures.[6]

The camera has a folding frame finder at the top, and wooden handles on both sides of the body. The shutter is of the focal-plane type, with horizontally running curtains. It normally gives 1/75, 1/150, 1/250 and 1/400 speeds,[7] selected by a wheel at the top. (The American report mentions 1/25 to 1/500 speeds, probably by mistake.)[8] The main release has the shape of a trigger, actioned by the right index. The film is advanced and the shutter is wound by turning the right-hand handle by 90 degrees twice.[9][2] The camera has an automatic exposure counter. The back is fully removable and is locked by two keys, with open (開) and close (閉) indications.

At least two versions were made, reputedly one for aerial use only and the other for both aerial and terrestrial use.[2] The American report mentions two variants distinguished by the lens maximal aperture, either f/3.5 or f/4.5, saying that the latter was more common.[10] Variations have been observed in the surviving camera bodies, but no clear pattern has been identified.[11]

Surviving Examples

A number of examples have appeared in recent years, which allow the identification of two types and some variants.

=Cameras manufactured by Rokuoh Sha / Konishiroku

It is highly probable that the design originated by Rokuoh Sha / Konishiroku ¶¶¶

=Cameras manufactured by Fuji

At least one surviving camera is known to have a Hexar Ser.1B 15cm f/4.5.[12] The lens is attached to the camera by four screws and has three prongs at the front for filter attachment. The aperture is controlled by a large ring at the front of the outer lens cone, connected to the lens diaphragm via a lever.


Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Japanese Naval Photography, p.8.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Aerial camera types at Wetwing Aerial Camera.
  3. ↑ Iwama Tomohisa (岩間倶久). "Konica history 8. Konishiroku no gun'yō kamera." (Konica history 8. 小西六の軍用カメラ. Konishiroku military cameras.) Kamera Rebyū: Kurashikku Kamera Senka (カメラレビュー クラシックカメラ専科) / Camera Review: All about Historical Cameras no.10, September 1987. No ISBN number. Konishiroku kamera no rekishi (小西六カメラの歴史, special issue on Konishiroku). Pp.54–5.
  4. ↑ this page at Wetwing Aerial Camera, and Japanese Naval Photography, p.11, all say 7.5×10cm. This page at Kore Nāni says 70×100mm, and Sugiyama, item 6010, says 72×98mm.
  5. ↑ Japanese Naval Photography, p.18.
  6. ↑ The camera pictured in this page at Kore Nāni clearly shows an exposure counter graduated from 1 to 20. Japanese Naval Photography, p.11, repeated in this page at Airrecce, also mentions 20 exposures. This page at Wetwing Aerial Camera, mentions 6 or 10-exposure film strips, perhaps by mistake. Sugiyama, item 6010, says that the camera takes glass plates and sheetfilm, but this is obviously a mistake.
  7. ↑ This page at Kore Nāni, and specifications in Sugiyama, item 6010.
  8. ↑ Japanese Naval Photography, p.11, repeated in this page at Airrecce.
  9. ↑ This page at Kore Nāni.
  10. ↑ Japanese Naval Photography, p.10, repeated in this page at Airrecce
  11. ↑ Examples pictured in this page at Kore Nāni, in this page at Wetwing Aerial Camera, in Sugiyama, item 6010, and in Iwama, p.54 of Kurashikku Kamera Senka no.10.
  12. ↑ Example pictured in this page at Kore Nāni.
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