View source for Japanese 3×4 and 4×4 pseudo TLR

{{Japanese pseudo TLR
|image=[http://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/47220901011/in/pool-camerawiki/ http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7852/47220901011_83716a2007_m.jpg]<br />''Extract of a Baby Ref leaflet.''<br />''{{public domain Japan old}}''
}}
''This page deals with the prewar and wartime cameras. See also the [[Herlight]] 4×4cm pseudo TLR made in 1947 by [[Ōfuna]].''

== Concept and description ==
A number of [[pseudo TLR]] cameras taking 3×4cm pictures on [[127 film]] were sold between 1937 and 1943 by Japanese companies. Their shape imitates a [[TLR|twin lens reflex]] but the finder is nothing more than a big [[brilliant finder]], and they are [[fixed focus|fixed-focus]].

The company [[Hagi|Hagi Kōgyō Bōeki]] is confirmed to have manufactured the first such model, called Clover Baby Ref and released in 1937, and the last one, called Alma Baby Ref and advertised until 1943.<REF> Manufacturer of the Clover Baby Ref: the August 1937 advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.69, gives Hagi as the maker and distributor (製造発売元). Manufacturer of the Alma Baby Ref: {{Inquiry1943_short}}, item 194. </REF> It is probable that all the other cameras were also produced in the same factory.

On all the models, the body is made of black bakelite. The film is advanced by a knob on the right hand side. The film advance is controlled by two red windows in the back, placed one above the other, with the probable exception of the 4×4 model of the Pilot Ref. The right hand side plate is pulled out for film loading and is locked by a button on the left hand side. This side plate also supports the advance knob, engraved with an arrow indicating the winding direction. All the models have a 50/6.3 lens and B, 25, 50, 75, 100 shutter speeds unless noted.

There is a variety of names, but they can be arranged in three groups. Inside a group, the various models seem to differ only by the nameplate, attached by two screws and easily interchanged, and by the lens and shutter markings. In the following, the models are described in alphabetical order inside a group.

== First group ==
The cameras of the '''first group''' have a plain silver viewing hood. The whole side plate is removable and there are no strap lugs. The advance knob has three knurled rows and is attached by a screw visible in the middle.

=== The Clover Baby Ref ===
The '''Clover Baby Ref''' (クロバーベビーレフ) was advertised from August to October 1937 and featured in the new products column of ''[[Asahi Camera]]'' in November.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.336. </REF> The company name that appears in the August 1937 advertisement<REF> Advertisement published in {{ACA}}, reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.69. </REF> is [[Hagi|Hagi Kōgyō Bōeki]], mentioned as the "maker and distributor" (製造発売元). The cost was {{yen|18.50|1937}}. The camera was still mentioned in the official list of set prices compiled in October 1940 and published in January 1941, for ¥19.<REF> {{Kakaku0141_short}}, type 1, section 1. </REF>

{| class="plainlinks floatright" width=300px style="text-align: center;"
| [http://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/46047954664/in/pool-camerawiki/ http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4894/46047954664_32671c4734_m_d.jpg]
| [http://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/45860120145/in/pool-camerawiki/ http://farm5.staticflickr.com/4897/45860120145_94df71542a_m_d.jpg]
|-
| ''April 1940''
| ''May 1940''
|-
| colspan=2 | ''Advertisements in {{ACA}}, listing the Prince Baby Ref but showing no picture. {{public domain Japan old}}''
|}

The camera has a ''Clover Baby Ref'' nameplate, the lens is a 50mm f/6.3 Argus Anastigmat and the shutter plate is engraved ''ARGUS'' in capital letters. (This lens and shutter equipment is similar to the Prince Baby Ref and Alma Baby Ref.) One surviving example is pictured in {{SUG}},<REF> Example pictured in {{SUG}}, item 4032. The attribution to "Ogi Industrial Works" is surely a typo for Hagi. </REF> and another in [http://asacame.sugoihp.com/hspbesttlr/cloverref.htm this page at Asacame]. Another, with lens serial number 2089, was offered for sale at auction in 2022.<ref>[https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Clover-Baby-Reflex/AI-40-40480 Clover Baby Ref] offered for sale at the [https://www.leitz-auction.com/en/Cameras/Past-Auctions/Auction-40/ 40th Leitz Photographica Auction], in June 2022: several pictures of the camera.</ref>

=== The Prince Baby Ref ===
The '''Prince Baby Ref''' (プリンスベビーレフ) was advertised in 1939 and 1940.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.340. </REF> It appears for {{yen|21|1939}} in advertisements dated October 1939,<REF> Advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.91. </REF> April, May<REF> Advertisements in {{ACA}} April 1940, p.A56, and May 1940, p.A29. That dated April is reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.80. </REF> and August<REF> Advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.80. </REF> 1940 in {{ACA}}. The camera was also listed for ¥19 in the January 1941 official price list.<REF> {{Kakaku0141_short}}, type 1, section 1. </REF>

The company name that appears in the advertisements is the distributor [[Fukada|Fukada Shōkai]]. In some sources, the camera is attributed to "Prince Camera Works";<REF> {{Kokusan}}, item 231, and {{SUG}}, item 4063. </REF> but this was not the name of any actual company, only a dummy name used for promotional purpose (see [[Camera Works]]).

The Prince Baby Ref has an Argus lens and shutter, like the Clover Baby Ref and Alma Baby Ref. It is identical to the Clover Baby Ref but for the ''Prince Baby Ref'' nameplate. One surviving example is pictured in {{SUG}}.<REF> Example pictured in {{SUG}}, item 4063. </REF>

== Second group ==
The second group is the most numerous. The cameras have a black viewing hood with an X-shaped rib. The top part of the side plate is fixed and there are strap lugs on both sides of the body. The advance knob has two knurled rows and no visible screw, except on the Baby Roll Ref which has other small differences.

=== The Alma Baby Ref ===
The '''Alma Baby Ref''' (アルマベビーレフ) was listed in the January 1941 official price list for ¥19.<REF> {{Kakaku0141_short}}, type 1, section 1. </REF> It was advertised in 1942 and 1943.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.334. </REF> The company name that appears in an advertisement dated May 1943<REF> Advertisement published in ''[[Hōdō Shashin]]'', reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.59. </REF> is [[Banno|Banno Bōeki]], which was only the distributor.<REF> {{Kokusan}}, item 15, attributes the Alma Baby Ref to [[Miyoshi|Miyoshi Kōgaku]], like the other Alma cameras, but this is a mistake. {{SUG}}, item 4018, attributes the camera to the distributor Banno. </REF> The price at the time was {{yen|23.50|1943}}. The Alma Baby Ref was also listed in the {{Inquiry1943_short}} of early 1943. This document says that the camera, lens and shutter were made by [[Hagi]].<REF> {{Inquiry1943_short}}, item 194, lens item Jd4, shutter item 18-V-12. </REF> This perhaps indicates that it was the case of all the other models.

The Alma Baby Ref has an Argus lens and shutter, like the Clover Baby Ref and Prince Baby Ref. The nameplate is only inscribed ''Alma''. One surviving example is pictured in {{SUG}}.<REF> {{SUG}}, item 4018. </REF>

=== The Baby Ref ===
{| class="floatleft plainlinks" width=200px style="text-align: center;"
| [http://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/32283188147/in/pool-camerawiki/ http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7802/32283188147_18fbe38b7f_m_d.jpg]
|-
| ''Baby Ref and Union Ref leaflet. {{Flickr translated}} {{public domain Japan old}}''
|}
The '''Baby Ref''' (ベビーレフ)<REF> It is not entirely clear if the name "Baby Ref" is indeed the camera's brand name, or just a generic name for that sort of cameras. </REF> appears in a leaflet dating aroung 1937<REF> Undated leaflet for the [[Victory]], [[Semi Dymos]], [[Reex]], Baby Ref, [[Union Ref and Hansa Rollette Ref|Union Ref]] and [[Baby Chrome]], published by an unknown company. </REF> where it is presented together with the [[Union Ref and Hansa Rollette Ref|Union Ref]] as an affordable reflex camera. No company name is indicated, and the price was ¥15. The camera was still listed for ¥19 in the January 1941 official price list.<REF> {{Kakaku0141_short}}, type 1, section 1. </REF>

The Baby Ref has no nameplate. The lens is advertised as a Clear Anastigmat. The shutter plate is optimistically marked ''Perfection'' at the top and ''Durable'' at the bottom, with a ''KS'' logo on the left. It is thus identical to the Mario Ref and Pilot Ref, except for the absence of a nameplate. One surviving example is pictured in {{SUG}}, where it is called "Mario Ref (Without Name)",<REF> {{SUG}}, item 4053. </REF> and another is pictured in [http://asacame.sugoihp.com/hspbesttlr/marioref.htm this page at Asacame].

=== The Chukon Ref ===
{| class="floatright plainlinks" width=200px style="text-align: center;"
| [http://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/47173272572/in/pool-camerawiki/ http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7863/47173272572_43c052ae23_m_d.jpg]
|-
| ''Chukon Ref in a [https://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/albums/72157712026377053/ leaflet] by [[Ricoh|Riken Kōgaku Kōgyō]], c.1939. {{public domain Japan old}}''
|}
The '''Chukon Ref''' (チューコンレフ)<REF> The name Chūkon can be written 忠魂 and then it means "faithful spirit", sometimes in the sense of "loyal dead" or "war dead". Riken used such weird "patriotic" names during the war. </REF> was sold by Riken Kōgaku Kōgyō (today [[Ricoh]]). It appears for {{yen|20|1939}} (case included) in advertisements dated February and May 1939,<REF> February 1939: Advertisement in ''[[Sunday Mainichi]]'' (26 February 1939), formerly reproduced in [https://web.archive.org/web/20080401033631/http://kyoto.cool.ne.jp/syasinsyuu/index.htm Gochamaze] (archived). May 1939: advertisement in {{SGR}}, reproduced in Tanaka, p.9 of {{KKS}} no.14. </REF> and in the contemporary leaflet by Riken reproduced on the right.<REF> Leaflet ''Riken Kōgaku no kamera to sōgankyō'', c.1939. </REF> It was also featured in the new products column of {{ACA}} in August 1939,<REF> {{Kokusan}}, p.337. </REF> and was still listed for ¥19 in the January 1941 official price list.<REF> {{Kakaku0141_short}}, type 1, section 1. </REF>

The lens is written ''CHUKON ANASTIGMAT'' and the shutter plate is marked ''Chukon Ref'' at the top and ''R.K.K.'' at the bottom (for <U>R</U>iken <U>K</U>ōgaku <U>K</U>ōgyō). Various surviving examples are known.<REF> See for example the examples pictured in {{SUG}}, item 4031, and in "Senzen no rikō kamera – hoi", p.22 of {{KKS}} no.14. Another example has been observed for sale at a dealer. </REF>

=== The Mario Ref ===
The '''Mario Ref''' (マリオレフ) appears in {{SUG}} and in an exhibition catalogue of the JCII.<REF name="mario ref"> {{SUG}}, item 4052, ''Watakushi no ni-gan-refu kamera-ten'', p.25. </REF> (It has not been observed in any original document so far.) The nameplate reads ''MARIO REF'', the lens is a Clear Anastigmat 50/6.3 and the shutter plate is marked ''Perfection'' at the top and ''Durable'' at the bottom, with a ''KS'' logo on the left. The only difference with the Baby Ref and the Pilot Ref is the nameplate. The sources attribute the camera to [[Tachibana|Tachibana Shōkai]], for an unknown reason.<REF name="mario ref" />

=== The Pilot Ref 3×4 and 4×4 ===
The '''Pilot Ref''' (パイロットレフ) exists in two models. The '''3×4 model''' was advertised between 1938 and 1942, and the '''4×4 model''' was added in 1941 and 1942.<REF> Dates: advertisements listed in {{Kokusan}}, p.338–9. </REF> The camera was distributed by [[Tachibana|Tachibana Shōkai]].<REF> Advertisements reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.83. {{Kokusan}}, items 175–6, attributes the camera to Tachibana; again this does not mean much for this camera. </REF> It curiously does not appear in the January 1941 official price list.<REF> {{Kakaku0141_short}}, type 1, section 1. </REF>

It seems that the advertising pictures observed so far only display the 3×4 model, and no example of the 4×4 model has been seen. There are two nameplate variants for the 3×4 camera, one is marked ''Pilott Ref'' in lowercase letters (with two "t") and the other is marked ''PILOT REF'' in uppercase letters (normal orthography). In the advertisements, the lens is called Clear Anastigmat and the shutter plate is written ''Perfection'' at the top and ''Durable'' at the bottom, with a ''KS'' logo on the left, like the Baby Ref and Mario Ref.

The October 1938 advertisement in {{ACA}} lists the 3×4 model for {{yen|18|1938}} (case ¥3.50 extra), mentions the Perfection shutter and B, 25, 50, 75, 100 speeds, and shows a picture with the ''Pilott Ref'' nameplate.<REF> Advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.83. </REF> A December 1939 advertisement shows the same picture, gives the same price of {{yen|18|1939}}, but with extra ¥5 for the case, and mentions 25, 50, 75, B, T shutter speeds.<REF>  Advertisement on p.11 of {{NSKT}}, December 15, 1939, reproduced on p.45 of ''Hyaku-gō goto jūkai no kiroku''. </REF> The January 1941 advertisement in {{ACA}} has a different picture with the ''PILOT REF'' nameplate, gives the price as {{yen|23|1941}} (case included) and lists the same shutter speeds.<REF> Advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.83. </REF> The September 1941 advertisement in the same magazine has the same picture but quotes B, 25, 50, 75, 100 speeds again; it lists the 3×4 model for {{yen|16|1941}} (case ¥4.60) and the 4×4 model for {{yen|19|1941}} (case ¥5.70).<REF> Advertisement in {{ACA}}, reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.83. </REF> The February 1942 advertisement in ''[[Shashin Bunka]]'' has the older 1938 picture with the ''Pilott Ref'' nameplate and omits 1/50 speed, surely by mistake; the prices are {{yen|18.95|1942}} for the 3×4 model (case ¥5.51) and {{yen|22.50|1942}} for the 4×4 (case ¥6.76).<REF> Advertisement reproduced in {{Kokusan}}, p.83. </REF>

Various surviving examples have been observed with the ''Pilott Ref'' nameplate. One has the Clear Anastigmat lens and Perfection Durable shutter, s in the advertisements described above.<REF> Example observed in an online auction. </REF> At least two others have different lens and shutter markings.<REF> [http://auction-team.de/new_highlights/2006_03/O0064385.html Example] sold as lot no.44 in the 30 September 2006 auction by Auction Team Köln, and example observed in an online auction. </REF> Their shutter has 1/70 instead of 1/75 setting and is marked ''Rapid'' at the top and ''Shutter'' at the bottom, with an ''N.S'' logo in a circle on the right. They have a Simpu Anastigmat 50mm f/6.3 lens. (The "Simpu" lens name is also found on the [[Semi-Tex]] 4.5×6 folder.)

=== The Truth ===
The '''Truth''' is known from a single example,<REF> Example observed in an online auction. </REF> and has not been observed in any original document. The name ''Truth'' is embossed on the bakelite body, where the nameplate normally resides. The camera has the same Perfection shutter and Clear Anastigmat f/6.3 lens as the Mario Ref.

== The Baby Roll Ref ==
The '''Baby Roll Ref''' has the same body as the cameras of the second group, from which it differs by details only. It appears in {{SUG}} and {{MK}}, where it is attributed to Yuzawa Mfg. Co. (probably a translation of Yuzawa Seisakusho, 湯沢製作所).<REF> {{SUG}}, items 4065–6, {{MK}}, p.1032. </REF>

The advance knob has three knurled rows and a visible screw in the middle. The viewing hood is slightly different, with a larger central part. The shutter speeds are B, 25, 50, 100: unlike most other models, there is no 1/75 setting. Other minor differences are visible in the sideplate locking button.

Two variations are known. One is pictured in {{SUG}} and {{MK}}. The name ''Baby Roll Ref'' is inscribed in cursive style on the viewing hood and on the black nameplate. There is a logo on the upper part of the nameplate, consisting of the letter ''Y'' inside a circle, perhaps for <U>Y</U>uzawa. The sideplate locking button is placed on the photographer's left, as on the other models, but it is surrounded by a small metal plate. The shutter plate is marked ''Special Shutter'' at the top and ''Baby Roll Ref'' at the bottom, and the ''Y'' logo is repeated on its right. The lens is reported as a Soft Anastigmat 50/6.3, a name that probably faithfully describes its picture-taking abilities.<REF> {{SUG}}, item 4065, {{MK}}, p.1032. </REF>

The other is pictured in {{SUG}} only. The name ''BABY ROLL REF'' is inscribed in capital letters on the silver nameplate, from which the ''Y'' logo is absent. No marking is visible on the viewing hood. The sideplate locking button is placed on the photographer's right, in the middle of the removable sideplate itself. The shutter plate is black and chrome, it is inscribed ''STRAIGHT'' at the top and ''B.R.R.'' at the bottom (obviously for <U>B</U>aby <U>R</U>oll <U>R</U>ef), with the ''Y'' logo on the right. The lens is again reported as a Soft Anastigmat 50/6.3.<REF> {{SUG}}, item 4066. </REF>

The Baby Roll Ref has been reported with a leather case embossed "Bebi Ref".<REF> This marking was reported in an online auction, but no picture was available to confirm it. </REF>

== Notes ==
<references />

== Bibliography ==
=== Original documents ===
* Anonymous company. Leaflet for the [[Victory]], [[Semi Dymos]], [[Reex]], Baby Ref, [[Union Ref and Hansa Rollette Ref|Union Ref]] and [[Baby Chrome]]. Date not indicated. Document reproduced in [https://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/albums/72157712042809812/ this Flickr set] by Rebollo_fr.
* {{ACA}}. Advertisements by [[Fukada|Fukada Shōkai]] listing the Prince Baby Ref:
** April 1940, p.A56;
** May 1940, p.A29.
* {{Inquiry1943}} Item 194.
* {{Kakaku0141}} Type 1, section 1.
* [[Ricoh|Riken Kōgaku Kōgyō]]. ''Riken Kōgaku no kamera to sōgankyō'' (理研光学のカメラと双眼鏡, Riken Kōgaku cameras and binoculars). Leaflet published c.1939 (date not indicated). Document reproduced in [https://www.flickr.com/photos/camerawiki/albums/72157712026377053/ this Flickr set] by Rebollo_fr.

=== Recent sources ===
* {{Showa10}} Items 15, 78, 142, 175–6, 231. (See also the advertisements for items 155 and 177.)
* {{Lewis}} Pp.54–5.
* {{McKeown12}} P.1032.
* {{NSKT1000}} Advertisement on p.45, corresponding to p.11 of the December 15, 1939 issue.
* "Senzen no rikō kamera – hoi" (戦前のリコーカメラ・補遺, Prewar Ricoh cameras – appendix). {{KKS014}} Pp.21–2.
* {{Zukan}} Items 4018, 4031–2, 4052–3, 4063, 4065–6.
* Tanaka Masao (田中政雄). "Rikō kamera no nagare" (リコーカメラの流れ, Evolution of the Ricoh cameras). {{KKS014}} Pp.8–11.
* ''Watakushi no ni-gan-refu kamera-ten'' (私の二眼レフカメラ展, Exhibition of twin lens reflex cameras). Tokyo: JCII Camera Museum, 1992. (Exhibition catalogue, no ISBN number.) P.25.
* Zaisu Ikon (座椅子遺恨, probably a pseudonym of Y. Saji). "Besuto sanka (hoi 3)" (ベスト讃歌[補遺3], Vest hymn [appendix 3]). In {{CCN}} no.99 (September 1985). Nishinomiya: Camera Collectors News-sha. P.8.

== Links ==
In English:
* [https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/2453025_47-pilott-ref-c-1935 Pilott Ref]: lot no.47 of the [http://www.liveauctioneers.com/catalog/8902 March 25, 2006 Photographica and Film auction] by Auction Team Breker, also in the [http://auction-team.de/new_highlights/nh_ph_03_2006.htm highlights of the sale]
In Japanese:
* [http://asacame.sugoihp.com/hspbesttlr/marioref.htm Mario Ref] and [http://asacame.sugoihp.com/hspbesttlr/cloverref.htm Clover Baby Ref] at [http://asacame.sugoihp.com/ Asacame]
* Pages of the [http://www.ricoh.co.jp/ Ricoh official website]:
** [http://www.ricoh-imaging.co.jp/japan/products/ricoh-filmcamera/cameralist/chukon.html Chukon Ref] in the [http://www.ricoh.co.jp/camera/cameralist/index.html camera list]
** [http://www.ricoh-imaging.co.jp/japan/products/ricoh-filmcamera_lib/column/war-camera.html article about Riken wartime camera names]


{{riken prewar}}

[[Category: Japanese pseudo TLR|*]]
[[Category: 3x4 pseudo TLR|*]]
[[Category: 4x4 pseudo TLR|*]]
[[Category: Japanese 3x4|*]]
[[Category: Japanese 4x4|*]]
[[Category: Bakelite]]
[[Category: Ricoh]]