Sensor

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The word "sensor" has many meanings in different branches of technology. But in the context of a digital camera it refers to the semiconductor device placed at the focal plane of a camera, i.e. where earlier cameras would have held film.

A camera sensor is minutely divided into millions of microscopic "wells." These absorb light and create electrical charge, in proportion to the intensity of the illumination. The electrical levels are digitized and stored, and the numerical values associated with each pixel represent the light and dark patterns of the photographed scene—a digital photo.

Technologically, the semiconductor type may be a CCD (the digital sensor technology that evolved first) or a CMOS design. Each has specific advantages; but CMOS lends itself better to fast read-out rates, and is becoming increasingly dominant as cameras add high-definition video to their features lists.

By sales volume, by far the largest consumers of sensor chips are cell-phone handset manufacturers—a market where there is ruthless competition to miniaturize entire camera subsystems to the size of a lentil. In contrast, "DSC" sensors (digital stills cameras) are seen as something of a higher-priced specialty product.

Noise

A photographic sensor is in effect a photon counter. At microscopic scales the apparent smoothness of light breaks down into a more random process of individual photons arriving, like drops of rain. Even under uniform illumination, adjacent pixels will intercept different numbers of photons. As the pixel size shrinks, this pixel-to-pixel variation increases. This is known as "shot noise" (by analogy to buckshot) and is the dominant source of image noise in digital photography. For a sensor of a certain desired resolution, say, 12 megapixels, the only way to decrease shot noise is by making the entire chip larger, thus increasing each pixel's light-gathering area.

Sensor Size

The largest possible sensor may be desirable from an image-quality point of view, but increasing a chip's area causes its production costs to mushroom. It also means that lenses, camera bodies, etc., must increase proportionally in bulk and weight. Thus camera makers choose an appropriate trade-off between quality and portability for each intended use and market segment: Sensor chips are manufactured across a great range of sizes. The sensor in a typical smartphone camera may be a tiny 3 x 4mm; while a medium-format digital back may use a chip of 33 x 44mm (while costing as much as a car).

But the great majority of digital stills cameras sold today embody one of the following sensor sizes. Based on actual imaging area, these are:

  • 4.5 x 6mm (so-called 1/2.3") — Used in typical compact digital point & shoots
  • 5.6 x 7.4mm (so-called 1/1.7") — Used in top-grade compact cameras
  • 13 x 16mm — Four Thirds and Micro Four Thirds cameras
  • 15 x 23mm (so-called APS-C format; varies +/- 1mm with brand) — entry-level to professional DSLR and mirrorless cameras
  • 24 x 36mm (so-called "full frame") — top-specification DLSRs


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